Perception onset time during fixations in free viewing

McConkie, George W.; Loschky, Lester C.

doi:10.3758/bf03195477

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Given these results with high-level judgments, more schematic visual stimuli, including basic visual features, might be expected to impact perception with even briefer premask presentations. A study on the perception of grating orientation found above-chance performance at 8.4 ms (Bodelón, Fallah, & Reynolds, 2007), whereas the global blur of a natural image was detected at significantly above chance levels in only 6 ms (McConkie & Loschky, 2002). Of direct relevance to simulated scotoma experiments are the results from paradigms in which a mask appears at the location of a fixation at a fixed time delay after the end of a saccade.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Sensitivity to visual information is greatly reduced during a saccade (Burr, Morrone, & Ross, 1994; Diamond, Ross, & Morrone, 2000). However, at the end of a saccade, visual information begins to have an effect on perception within about 6 ms (McConkie & Loschky, 2002). If the simulated scotoma position is not updated on the screen within that time, the observer will have a high-resolution glimpse of the new fixation location with central vision before it is masked.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Direct measurement of the system latency of gaze-contingent displays

Saunders

Woods

2013

Behav Res

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Gaze-contingent displays combine a display device with an eyetracking system to rapidly update an image on the basis of the measured eye position. All such systems have a delay, the system latency, between a change in gaze location and the related change in the display. The system latency is the result of the delays contributed by the eyetracker, the display computer, and the display, and it is affected by the properties of each component, which may include variability. We present a direct, simple, and low-cost method to measure the system latency. The technique uses a device to briefly blind the eyetracker system (e.g., for video-based eyetrackers, a device with infrared light-emitting diodes (LED)), creating an eyetracker event that triggers a change to the display monitor. The time between these two events, as captured by a relatively low-cost consumer camera with high-speed video capability (1,000 Hz), is an accurate measurement of the system latency. With multiple measurements, the distribution of system latencies can be characterized. The same approach can be used to synchronize the eye position time series and a video recording of the visual stimuli that would be displayed in a particular gaze-contingent experiment. We present system latency assessments for several popular types of displays and discuss what values are acceptable for different applications, as well as how system latencies might be improved.

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confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct measurement of the system latency of gaze-contingent displays

Saunders

Woods

2013

Behav Res

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“…The total temporal delay of these processes is difficult to measure but may be sufficiently approached by a worst-case estimate if events are synchronized and their individual duration is known. Work on gaze-contingent paradigms suggests that observers do not become aware of display changes when delays up to 12-16 ms (Inhoff, Starr, Liu, & Wang, 1998;Loschky & McConkie, 2000), 20-30 ms (McConkie & Loschky, 2002), or even 60 ms (Loschky & Wolverton, 2007) in gaze-contingent multiresolutional displays are considered. However, this does not sufficiently answer the critical question of whether the simulated scotoma effectively disrupts foveal processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A behavioral task for the validation of a gaze-contingent simulated scotoma

2013

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Gaze-contingent displays provide a valuable method in visual research for controlling visual input and investigating its visual and cognitive processing. Although the body of research using gaze-contingent retinal stabilization techniques has grown considerably during the last decade, only few studies have been concerned with the reliability of the specific real-time simulations applied. Using a Landolt ring discrimination task, we present a behavioral validation of gaze-contingent central scotoma simulation in healthy observers. Importantly, behavioral testing is necessary to show whether the simulation impairs foveal processing of visual information. This test becomes even more crucial when researchers are faced with null results in a task performed with the scotoma, as compared with a control condition. It must be ruled out that the lack of behavioral effects results from a type II error caused by improper implementation before conclusions about foveal contributions to the given task may be drawn. In our experiment, the scotoma effectively prevented foveal processing of the visual stimuli, leading to significantly reduced response accuracies, as compared with unimpaired vision.Moreover, the final fixation at the time of the participants' responses was placed close to the target position in the unimpaired condition, whereas the distance to the target was enhanced with the scotoma, indicating that the observers were not able to discriminate visual target stimuli from distractors, due to the scotoma. The present work presents a validated behavioral testing method for the efficiency of gaze-contingent scotoma simulations, including code for implementation. In addition, solutions for common methodological problems are discussed.

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“…The duration of actual saccadic eye motion depends on its angular extent and falls into the range of 20-200 ms. Each saccade is preceded by a preparatory stage with a latency of 200 ms, where new sensory information is cut off 80 ms prior to the eye motion initialization to the saccade completion [Becker and Juergens 1975]. McConkie and Loschky [2002] have shown that a switch from a significant blur to a sharp image can be detected by the observer even 5 ms after the end of a saccade. However, the tolerable delay can grow to up to 60 ms [Loschky and Wolverton 2007] for more subtle blur changes as in multi-resolution techniques [Guenter et al 2012;Geisler and Perry 1998].…”

Section: Saccadic Suppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This way a more efficient control of the level of detail in geometric models [Murphy and Duchowski 2001], the image resolution in foveated rendering [Guenter et al 2012], the state of luminance adaptation in tone mapping [Jacobs et al 2015], the amount of blur in depth-of-field effects [Duchowski et al 2014a], and the level of video compression [Geisler and Perry 1998] can be achieved, to name just a few key applications. When the fixation is shifted to another location the image content must be adjusted accordingly, and saccadic suppression [McConkie and Loschky 2002;Loschky and Wolverton 2007], i.e., cutting off conscious registration of the blurred retinal signal due to fast saccadic eye motion (up to 1000 deg/s), is employed to hide the visibility of such adjustments. This imposes stringent requirements on the overall latency in the rendering system, as well as on the precision and sampling rate of eye tracking, which is used for the next fixation prediction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GazeStereo3D

Kellnhofer¹,

Didyk

Hefeeda³

et al. 2016

ACM Trans. Graph.

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Figure 1: Beyond common disparity mapping (a) our approach adapts to attended regions such as the Armadillo (b) or Bunny (d) and modifies disparity in that region to enhance depth and reduce discomfort from the accommodation-vergence conflict (c,e). To that end we build non-linear remapping curves and use our novel perceptual model to ensure a seamless transition between them (f). AbstractProducing a high quality stereoscopic impression on current displays is a challenging task. The content has to be carefully prepared in order to maintain visual comfort, which typically affects the quality of depth reproduction. In this work, we show that this problem can be significantly alleviated when the eye fixation regions can be roughly estimated. We propose a new method for stereoscopic depth adjustment that utilizes eye tracking or other gaze prediction information. The key idea that distinguishes our approach from the previous work is to apply gradual depth adjustments at the eye fixation stage, so that they remain unnoticeable. To this end, we measure the limits imposed on the speed of disparity changes in various depth adjustment scenarios, and formulate a new model that can guide such seamless stereoscopic content processing. Based on this model, we propose a real-time controller that applies local manipulations to stereoscopic content to find the optimum between depth reproduction and visual comfort. We show that the controller is mostly immune to the limitations of low-cost eye tracking solutions. We also demonstrate benefits of our model in off-line applications, such as stereoscopic movie production, where skillful directors can reliably guide and predict viewers' attention or where attended image regions are identified during eye tracking sessions. We validate both our model and the controller in a series of user experiments. They show significant improvements in depth perception without sacrificing the visual quality when our techniques are applied.

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Perception onset time during fixations in free viewing

Cited by 34 publications

References 43 publications

Direct measurement of the system latency of gaze-contingent displays

Direct measurement of the system latency of gaze-contingent displays

A behavioral task for the validation of a gaze-contingent simulated scotoma

GazeStereo3D

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