Perceptions of climate variability and livelihood adaptations relating to gender and wealth among the Adi community of the Eastern Indian Himalayas

Bibliometric Analysis of Trends in Global Sustainable Livelihood Research

“…At the top of the list are Ranjay K Singh of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute and Central Agricultural University in India and Lindsay Carman Stringer of Leeds University, each with 12 SL-related papers, as identified in the SCIE and SSCI database. Singh's research has centered on (1) the impact of climate variability on livelihood adaptations [75]; (2) agricultural resource conservation and livelihood adaptation strategies peculiar to tribal communities [76]; (3) livelihood security of indigenous groups [77]; and (4) the importance of traditional knowledge as regards sustainable development of livestock and sustainable natural management [78]. Stringer's research interests also cover a wide range: (1) the influence of international environmental agreements on the livelihood options of local communities [79]; (2) vulnerability of rural livelihoods to climate change and their possible livelihood options [80]; (3) exploring the relationship and association among aquaculture, livelihoods, and social networks of coastal communities [81]; (4) rural livelihood adaptation strategies to land degradation in Swaziland [82] and mangrove system degradation and loss in Southeast Asia [83], as well as proposals for policy reform; and (5) the benefit of supporting biofuels as a way to improve livelihoods and energy security in rural Mali [84].…”

“…Figure 13 gives a visual presentation of co-occurrence analysis, where a pair of words is used in the title, abstract, keyword list, or even in the body of the full document within and across a given set of To gain a better understanding of the dynamics of co-authorship networks, the paper looked at the principal subjects addressed by the four cooperation sub-network shown in Figure 12. These are livelihood diversification as one of the significant ways for marginalized communal farmers to adapt to changes [74]; how charcoal production and trade influence rural areas [75]; and SL issues in southern Africa [49,[89][90][91].…”

Coping With Food Insecurity Using the Sociotype Ecological Framework

“…Wealthy people could adapt to climate variability by intensifying their production systems and receiving more advice and training. By contrast, poor farmers adapted predominantly by diversifying activities ( 25 ). At this stage, the Sociotype, representing past life experiences and other environmental factors, works together with other inputs, determining the assessment of the stresses.…”

“…For example, if a household head gets ill and is not able to work for several months, many strategies, not necessarily mutual exclusive, could be utilized to cope with this stress from the Sociotype framework. In the Individual domain, other household members could work harder (including self-creativity), or collect indigenous edible resources using local traditional knowledge ( 25 ), or sell assets, or use barter practice; from the Relationships domain, they may rely on the help from relatives, friends, or use credit; from the Context domain, they may use mutual insurance schemes, or seek for help from formal social safety net schemes, or request technical or short-term financial support from local institutions. Some options may overlap multiple domains.…”

“…In spite of these attempts, building resilience should focus on particular dimensions of FS in specific settings, and the weightings in each dimension would therefore also differ according to circumstances and culture. For example, farmers in rural areas need to diversify their livelihoods apart from agriculture, while people in urban areas have to invest in education to strengthen their potential in job markets; modern societies value social protection nets, while traditional societies respect community cohesion and inter-personal relationships ( 25 ). Therefore, a universal assessment of resilience does not exist and qualitative methods are also necessary.…”