Perceptions of national wealth and skill influence pay expectations: replicating global hierarchy on a microscale

Maitner, Angela T.; DeCoster, Jamie

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00703

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Specifically, they found that European nationals were paid more than Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Arabs, 1 followed by non-GCC Arab, Asian, and African workers. This national hierarchy is also perceived and expected by UAE residents (Maitner & DeCoster, 2015). However, explanations for the national hierarchy varied somewhat by national grouping.…”

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confidence: 82%

“…However, empirical research shows that both ascribed characteristics, such as nationality, and achieved characteristics, such as skill, influence perceptions of and actual differences in salary in the United Arab Emirates (UAE; Maitner & DeCoster, 2015; Tong & Al Awad, 2014). Although strongly connected to its Arab roots, the UAE is a state capitalist society embracing a neoliberal ethos (see Kanna, 2011; Maitner & Stewart-Ingersoll, 2016), and belief in equal opportunity is codified as a citizenship responsibility for Emiratis (Government of the United Arab Emirates, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, explanations for the national hierarchy varied somewhat by national grouping. GCC Arabs expected wealth of the nation of origin to make a smaller difference in how much individuals were paid, whereas non-GCC Arabs expected wealth of the nation of origin to make a larger difference in how much individuals are paid relative to other groups in society (Maitner & DeCoster, 2015). It is unclear what other characteristics are expected to influence salary, and whether those expectations are related to status ideologies, or are perceived as just and fair.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perceptions and explanations of status in the United Arab Emirates: The role of ascribed and achieved characteristics

Maitner

2021

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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Ascribed and achieved characteristics influence individuals’ positions in a social hierarchy. I explore how status characteristics and status ideologies influence expectations about economic opportunities in the United Arab Emirates, a wealthy, highly diverse, and internationally stratified society where beliefs in meritocracy are nationally supported. In Studies 1 and 2, participants reported the extent to which they perceived various characteristics to influence an individual’s salary. Participants whose nationality placed them higher in the economic hierarchy expected achieved markers of status to play a larger role than ascribed markers in determining pay. Across groups, the more participants believed in meritocracy, the more they expected achieved markers to play a role. In Study 3, participants predicted the economic success of individuals who varied in ascribed and achieved characteristics. Across participant groups, both ascribed and achieved characteristics were expected to influence an individual’s economic success. Taken together, results suggested that both ascribed and achieved characteristics are expected to influence an individual’s position in the socioeconomic hierarchy, but only differences rooted in achieved characteristics are legitimized. Group differences and implications for system stability are discussed.

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confidence: 82%

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Perceptions and explanations of status in the United Arab Emirates: The role of ascribed and achieved characteristics

Maitner

2021

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

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“…But this apparent preference is complicated by other aspects of this study. First, while using participants who originated from South Asia (mostly India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) would not necessarily be problematic in the USA, social distinctions in the UAE between native, national citizens (Emiratis) and non-native residents are substantial, and South Asian women in the UAE tend to hold low-status positions, have low job security, and experience considerable risk if they contravene UAE laws or customs [ 14 ]. In contrast, the majority of Emiratis (males and females) enjoy very high social status in the UAE, and Emirati women habitually wear the hijab in public.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further investigation of the effects of wearing the hijab: Perception of female facial attractiveness by Emirati Muslim men living in their native Muslim country

2020

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The hijab is central to the lives of Muslim women across the world but little is known about the actual effects exerted by this garment on perceptions of the wearer. Indeed, while previous research has suggested that wearing the hijab may affect the physical attractiveness of women, the actual effect of wearing the hijab on perceptions of female facial attractiveness by Muslim men in a Muslim country is largely unknown. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of the hijab on female facial attractiveness perceived by practising Muslim men living in their native Muslim country (the United Arab Emirates). Participants were presented with frontal-head images of women shown in three conditions: in the fully covered condition, heads were completely covered by the hijab except for the face; in the partially covered condition, heads were completely covered by the hijab except for the face and areas around the forehead and each side of the face and head; in the uncovered condition, heads had no covering at all. The findings revealed that faces where heads were uncovered or partially covered were rated as equally attractive, and both were rated as substantially more attractive than faces where heads were fully covered. Thus, while wearing the hijab can suppress female facial attractiveness to men, these findings suggest that not all hijab wearing has this effect, and female facial attractiveness for practising Muslim men living in their native Muslim country may not be reduced simply by wearing this garment. Indeed, from the findings we report, slight changes to the positioning of the hijab (the partially covered condition) produce perceptions of facial attractiveness that are no lower than when no hijab is worn, and this may have important implications for wearing the hijab in Muslim societies. Finally, we argue that the pattern of effects we observed is not explained by anti-Islamic feeling or cultural endogamy, and that a major contributory factor is that being fully covered by the hijab occludes external features, especially the hair and lateral parts of the head and face, which, when normally visible, provide a substantial perceptual contribution to human facial attractiveness.

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“…Whilst this would not necessarily be problematic for participants in the USA, participants in the UAE would have been non-native, ex-patriate residents with limited residents’ visas due to strict UAE laws concerning citizenship and residency. Moreover, social distinctions between ex-patriate occupants and native Emiratis are substantial in the UAE, and residents from South Asia generally take lower-ranking jobs, occupy lower levels on the social scale, and experience considerably less job security and greater risk of deportation if laws or customs are contravened [ 18 ]. Accordingly, as wearing the hijab is the norm in the UAE amongst native UAE Emirati females, the preference shown by UAE South Asian participants for images of female faces wearing the hijab in the Pasha-Zaidi study may reflect internalized self-preserving deference towards the prevailing Emirati culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the effect of wearing the hijab: Perception of facial attractiveness by Emirati Muslim women living in their native Muslim country

Sheen

Yekani

Jordan³

2018

PLoS ONE

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The Hijab and other forms of Islamic veiling are important social, cultural, and religious symbols that are central to the identity of millions of Muslim women across the world. However, despite the large body of literature that exists on the political and socio-cultural aspects of Islamic veiling, little is known about how the appearance of women wearing the hijab is perceived by other Muslim women within their native Muslim country. To throw light on this important issue, the current study focussed on the effects of the hijab on female facial attractiveness perceived by practising Muslim Emirati women living in their native Muslim country (the United Arab Emirates) who themselves wore the hijab as everyday attire. Participants were shown frontal-head images of women in three different conditions: covered (heads fully covered by the hijab except for the face), partially covered (heads fully covered by the hijab except for the face and the hair around the forehead) and uncovered (heads with no covering). The findings showed that faces in images where heads were covered and partially covered by the hijab were rated as equally attractive but both were rated as significantly less attractive than faces in images where heads were uncovered. These findings suggest that, even for practising Muslim Emirati females living in their native Muslim country for whom wearing the hijab is a normal aspect of everyday life, perception of facial attractiveness is compromised by wearing this garment. We argue that this effect of wearing the hijab is not consistent with a preference for one's own cultural group (cultural endogamy) and may, instead, occur because wearing a hijab occludes external features, such as hair and ears, which normally contribute to the perception of human facial attractiveness. In sum, while wearing the hijab may be dominated by male attitudes towards suppressing female attractiveness towards males, the findings from this study suggest that female Muslims too perceive the negative influence of wearing the hijab on female facial attractiveness.

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Perceptions of national wealth and skill influence pay expectations: replicating global hierarchy on a microscale

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Perceptions and explanations of status in the United Arab Emirates: The role of ascribed and achieved characteristics

Perceptions and explanations of status in the United Arab Emirates: The role of ascribed and achieved characteristics

Further investigation of the effects of wearing the hijab: Perception of female facial attractiveness by Emirati Muslim men living in their native Muslim country

Investigating the effect of wearing the hijab: Perception of facial attractiveness by Emirati Muslim women living in their native Muslim country

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