Perceptions of Parental Responses to Gender Stereotype Violations in Children

Brenner, John; O’Dea, Conor J.; Rapp, Samantha; Moss‐Racusin, Corinne A.

doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01377-7

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…We were able to detect such effects by focusing on a data-driven time-cluster that does not contain responses of automatic orienting and speed of processing, that have been considered a female advantage 52 . Rather, the time-cluster between 260 and 550 ms contains processes related to sustained attention and face information processing 53 , 54 that may support female-related cognitive styles (e.g., wider social networks 55 ) and socialization pressure (e.g., reward value of intimacy and interactions 56 ). For autistic female individuals (and even more if undiagnosed and unsupported), with specific sensory and alertness needs, these processes may represent a double-edged sword: enabling the accumulation of expertise, but also exposing to the risk of generalised drain, episodic meltdowns and burn out 57 , 58 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in social brain neural responses in autism: temporal profiles of configural face-processing within data-driven time windows

Del Bianco,

Lai,

Mason

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Face-processing timing differences may underlie visual social attention differences between autistic and non-autistic people, and males and females. This study investigates the timing of the effects of neurotype and sex on face-processing, and their dependence on age. We analysed EEG data during upright and inverted photographs of faces from 492 participants from the Longitudinal European Autism Project (141 neurotypical males, 76 neurotypical females, 202 autistic males, 73 autistic females; age 6–30 years). We detected timings of sex/diagnosis effects on event-related potential amplitudes at the posterior–temporal channel P8 with Bootstrapped Cluster-based Permutation Analysis and conducted Growth Curve Analysis (GCA) to investigate the timecourse and dependence on age of neural signals. The periods of influence of neurotype and sex overlapped but differed in onset (respectively, 260 and 310 ms post-stimulus), with sex effects lasting longer. GCA revealed a smaller and later amplitude peak in autistic female children compared to non-autistic female children; this difference decreased in adolescence and was not significant in adulthood. No age-dependent neurotype difference was significant in males. These findings indicate that sex and neurotype influence longer latency face processing and implicates cognitive rather than perceptual processing. Sex may have more overarching effects than neurotype on configural face processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in social brain neural responses in autism: temporal profiles of configural face-processing within data-driven time windows

Del Bianco,

Lai,

Mason

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…Women have not been equally supported in the maturation of an autonomous definition of their identity by the presence of widespread, culturally and socially relevant gender models, by which to define themselves [ 97 ]. Similarly, gender minorities and non-stereotypical males may experience psychological distress secondary to social expectations in relation to their body weight or shape [ 98 – 102 ], as well as their gender roles or their gender expression [ 103 ]. Social expectations for what concerns “feminine” can strongly influence the lived experience of any individual [ 52 , 104 ], and the essential quality of the “Other” internalized in relation to gender identity (Fig.…”

Section: Gender Identity and Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The primacy of ocular perception: a narrative review on the role of gender identity in eating disorders

Tarchi,

Stanghellini,

Ricca

et al. 2024

Eat Weight Disord

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Background Phenomenological research has enriched the scientific and clinical understanding of Eating Disorders (ED), describing the significant role played by disorders of embodiment in shaping the lived experience of patients with ED. According to the phenomenological perspective, disorders of embodiment in ED are associated with feelings of alienation from one’s own body, determining an excessive concern for external appearance as a form of dysfunctional coping. The purpose of the present narrative review is to address the role of gender identity as a risk factor for EDs in the light of phenomenological approaches. Methods Narrative review. Results The current study discusses the interplay between perception, gender identity, and embodiment, all posited to influence eating psychopathology. Internalized concerns for body appearance are described as potentially associated with self-objectification. Furthermore, concerns on body appearance are discussed in relation to gendered social expectations. The current review also explores how societal norms and gender stereotypes can contribute to dysfunctional self-identification with external appearances, particularly through an excessive focus on the optical dimension. The socio-cultural perspective on gender identity was considered as a further explanation of the lived experience of individuals with ED. Conclusions By acknowledging the interplay between these factors, clinicians and researchers can gain a deeper understanding of these disorders and develop more effective interventions for affected individuals. Level of evidence Level V narrative review.

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“Stand up for yourself!” Masculine honor beliefs and expectations for bullied youth

O'Dea,

Rapp,

Archer

et al. 2025

Personality and Individual Differences

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Perceptions of Parental Responses to Gender Stereotype Violations in Children

Cited by 3 publications

References 87 publications

Sex differences in social brain neural responses in autism: temporal profiles of configural face-processing within data-driven time windows

Sex differences in social brain neural responses in autism: temporal profiles of configural face-processing within data-driven time windows

The primacy of ocular perception: a narrative review on the role of gender identity in eating disorders

“Stand up for yourself!” Masculine honor beliefs and expectations for bullied youth

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