Perceptual defense revisited.

Blum, Gerald S.

doi:10.1037/h0042504

Cited by 47 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Some research indicated an increase in threshold for both positively and negatively toned words. Others reported a decrease for both (Banks, 1959;Bevan, 1964;Blum, 1955;Davis, 1959;Dulaney, 1960;Gilchrist, Ludeman, & Lysok, 1954;McClelland & Liberman, 1949;Reece, 1954;Spence, 1957).…”

Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perceptual defense is the unconscious mechanism that resists the recognition of threatening stimuli (Blum, 1955). The pioneer experiment on this phenomenon was the McGinnies "dirty word" experiment.…”

Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several important review articles were generated out of this research tradition that are still useful in identifying the early directions taken in research on perceptual defense (Adams, 1957;Blum, 1955;Gilchrist et al, 1954;McConnell et al, 1958).…”

Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

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Subliminal advertising and the psychology of processing unconscious stimuli: A review of research

Theus

1994

Psychology and Marketing

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This article reviews progress to date on research on the effects of subliminal stimulation on subject populations and potential applications to persuasive communications. Three areas of inquiry covered in the literature include psychological, physiological, and behavioral (choice) responses, the last of which is of particular interest to advertising and marketing specialists. The article identifies several fruitful areas for continued research and experimentation, especially in areas of social marketing research. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

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Subliminal advertising and the psychology of processing unconscious stimuli: A review of research

Theus

1994

Psychology and Marketing

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“…Anna Freud does not, however, mention which of these partly inconsistent hypotheses is less tentative, nor is the choice among them made easier by the fact that most, if not all, have received some measure of empirical confirmation. Thus the first hypothesis was supported by Fenz & Epstein ( I 962) and Inglis (1961), the fourth by Blum (1955) and Weinstock (1967), and the fifth by Byrne (1964), Conn & Crowne (1964), Kogan (1956), Palmer (1968), etc. Moreover, experimental support has also been found for other non-psychoanalytic hypotheses ; for example, the hypothesis that the choice of defence is determined by situational features and characteristics of the available external stimuli (Bramel, 1962(Bramel, ,1963Eldow & Kiesler, 1966;Hackett & Weisman, 1964;Miller & Swanson, 1960).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

The Cognitive Determinants of Defensive Behaviour

Kreitler

1972

Br J Soc Clin Psychol

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The purpose of the study was to test a deduction from the authors' theory of cognitive orientation about the relations between cognitive contents and behaviour. The hypothesis was that beliefs of four types—Norms, General Beliefs, Beliefs about Self, and Goals—whose contents are orienting towards behaviours corresponding to the defence mechanisms of rationalization, denial and projection, are related to behaviours reflecting these same defence mechanisms. Beliefs were assessed through a questionnaire and behaviour by means of three behavioural measures administered after a series of frustrations. The subjects were 24 volunteer undergraduates of both sexes. The findings show that cognitive contents are predictive of behaviour when all four types of beliefs, or at least three types, are considered. However, merely summing the beliefs supporting one or another course of action, without considering separately the four types of beliefs, does not enable prediction of behaviour. Implications concerning defences and relations between cognitive contents and behaviour are discussed.

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“…Blum (11) found that perceptual defense could be traced to the perceptual process itself. Subliminal threats were defended against, which suggests that we may be less the victims of subliminal advertising than some might believe!…”

Section: Perceptual Defensementioning

confidence: 99%