Percutaneous absorption of neat and aqueous solutions of 2-butoxyethanol in volunteers

Jakaša, Ivone; Mohammadi, N.; Krüse, Jacob; Kežić, Sanja

doi:10.1007/s00420-003-0456-3

Cited by 48 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Examples of chemicals used in the work place for which dermal absorption plays a signiWcant role in the overall uptake include glycol ethers, phenols, aromatic amines, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, biocides and pesticides (Semple 2004;Grandjean 1990;Bello et al 2007;Jakasa et al 2004;Kezic et al 2001Kezic et al , 1997Chang et al 2005;Bader et al 2008;Wellner et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Skin is an important route of entry for many chemicals in the work place. To assess systemic uptake of a chemical in contact with the skin, quantitative information on dermal absorption rates of chemicals is needed. Absorption rates are mainly obtained from studies performed with intact, healthy skin. At the work place, however, a compromised skin barrier, although not necessarily visible is common, e.g. due to physical and chemical damage. As reviewed in this article, there are several lines of evidence that reduced integrity of the skin barrier may increase dermal absorption of chemicals in the occupational setting. An impaired skin barrier might lead not only to enhanced absorption of a specific chemical, but also to entrance of larger molecules such as proteins and nanoparticles which normally are not able to penetrate intact skin. In addition to environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that some individuals have an intrinsically affected skin barrier which will facilitate entrance of chemicals into and through the skin making these persons more susceptible for local as well for systemic toxicity. This review addresses mechanisms of barrier alteration caused by the most common skin-damaging factors in the occupational settings and the consequences for dermal absorption of chemicals. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of maintained barrier properties of the skin.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Enhanced compound absorption from organic vehicles may result from membrane delipidation, irritant action or induced changes in stratum corneum hydration (Zatz 1991). In fact, the dermal absorption of 2-BE from aqueous solutions was markedly higher than from neat 2-BE both in vitro (Wilkinson and Williams 2002) and in human volunteers (Jakasa et al 2003). Occlusion causes increased stratum corneum hydration, skin surface temperature and promotes partitioning between the surface chemical and the skin (Zhai and Maibach 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, it must be stressed that the skin is not the only route of exposure to volatile materials. Inhalation studies were not conducted in these studies, although this would be useful for direct comparison with the human studies of Jakasa et al (2003). The dermal and respiratory uptake of butoxyethanol at the occupational exposure limit (OEL; currently, 100 mg m À3 ) were measured and showed substantial skin absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, although butoxyacetic acid, glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were recovered in the urine after dermal, inhalatory and oral exposure to 2-BE in rat (Ghanayem et al 1987b;Sabourin et al 1992a, b), the importance of metabolism in skin following dermal application was not determined. Man has been shown to excrete glucuronide, sulphate and glutamate conjugates in the urine following topical exposure to butoxyethanol (Jakasa et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of 2-butoxyethanol

2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2-Butoxyethanol (2-BE) is widely used as an industrial solvent, which may result in human dermal exposure within the workplace. This study compares in vivo and in vitro skin absorption of 2-BE using similar application regimes and determines the potential of skin to metabolise this chemical prior to entering the systemic blood circulation. Following topical application of undiluted [1-14C] 2-BE to occluded rat skin in vivo, 28% of the dose was absorbed after 24 h. The major routes of excretion included the urine (19%), expiration as carbon dioxide (6%) and faeces (0.4%) whilst little of the dose remained in the carcass (1.3%). Free 2-BE (0.5%), butoxyacetic acid (8%), glucuronide conjugate (3%), sulphate conjugates (0.7%) and ethylene glycol (0.6%) were detected in urine. Permeation rates of 2-BE through unoccluded rat dermatomed skin (16%) were greater than rat whole skin (8%) whilst absorption through human dermatomed skin (4%) was lower than the rat. Absorption of undiluted 2-BE through occluded rat dermatomed skin in vitro (18%) most accurately predicted absorption through rat skin in vivo. However, 2-BE absorption (23%) was enhanced by application in methanol. Distribution analysis and microautoradiography demonstrated the lack of 2-BE accumulation within the skin in vitro or in vivo. This was reflected in the absence of first pass metabolism of 2-BE during percutaneous penetration through viable human or rat skin in vitro or rat skin in vivo, despite rat skin cytosol having the potential to metabolise 2-BE. In conclusion, the in vitro system provided a reasonable estimate of dermal absorption in vivo for the rat. Therefore, by extrapolation of the comparative in vitro data for human and rat skin in vitro, dermal absorption of 2-BE in man was about one-fifth of that in the rat. However, the rapid penetration through skin in vitro prevented local metabolism and systemic exposure after skin contact with 2-BE in vivo was likely to be to the parent compound. Thus, in vitro skin systems can be used to model dermal absorption of volatile glycol ethers, to predict how much compound enters the circulation and allows the toxicologist to evaluate the body burden of a chemical and potential systemic toxicity.

show abstract

“…Verglichen mit einer 8-stündigen inhalativen Exposition gegenüber 100 mg 2-Butoxyethanol/ m 3 (ca. 20 mL/m 3 ), die unter Annahme eines Atemvolumens von 10 L/min und einer alveolären Retention von 72% einer pulmonaren Aufnahme von 346 mg entspricht, berechneten sich nach einstündiger dermaler Exposition (1000 cm 2 Haut) dermal aufgenommene 2-Butoxyethanol-Mengen von 1340 mg (50%iges 2-Butoxyethanol), 926 mg (90%iges 2-Butoxyethanol) sowie 263 mg (unverdünn-tes 2-Butoxyethanol) (Jakasa et al 2004). …”

Section: Addendum Zu 2-butoxyethanol Grenzwerte In Biologischem Materialsunclassified

2‐Butoxyethanol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2009]

Angerer¹

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR) , 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2009 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Reevaluierung Metabolismus und Toxikokinetik Kritische Toxizität Belastung und Beanspruchung Auswahl der Indikatoren Untersuchungsmethoden Hintergrundbelastung Evaluierung Interpretation

show abstract

Percutaneous absorption of neat and aqueous solutions of 2-butoxyethanol in volunteers

Cited by 48 publications

References 20 publications

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of 2-butoxyethanol

2‐Butoxyethanol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2009]

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About