Percutaneous absorption of parathion in vitro in porcine skin: Effects of dose, temperature, humidity, and perfusate composition on absorptive flux

Chang, Shao K.; Riviere, Jim E.

doi:10.1016/0272-0590(91)90200-n

Cited by 79 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In this work, in vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted using PA diluted with ethanol or acetone (Van der Merwe et al, 2006;Hawkins and Reifenrath, 1986;Reifenrath et al, 1984Reifenrath et al, , 1991Maibach et al, 1971;Chang and Riviere, 1991;Qiao et al, 1993Qiao et al, , 1994Qiao and Riviere, 1995; and showed that when compared with acetone, ethanol provided a greater absorption of PA in the HuSki model (31.7% vs 15.9%) and limited the PA retention in SC (3.4% vs 8.7%). These results agreed those demonstrating that use of ethanol as a vehicle for PA vs neat application of the same compound increased the absorption of PA, 24 h following topical application to pig skin in vivo (Reifenrath et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Four milliliters of Eagle medium (In Vitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France) supplemented with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) and 1% gentamycin (In Vitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France) was used as the receptor fluid. According to published methods, BSA was included to facilitate partitioning of the PA from the dermis to the receptor fluid (Chang and Riviere, 1991;Bronaugh et al, 1982). The maximum solubility of PA in the receptor fluid (Eagle medium supplemented with 5% BSA) was verified to be 10 times higher than the concentration actually achieved in the receptor fluid (data not shown) (OECD, Species, sex and donor age 2004b).…”

Section: In Vitro Percutaneous Penetration Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reference organophosphate pesticide parathion (PA) was selected because of the availability of (a) published in vivo and in vitro human and animal skin penetration data and (b) high purity radio-labelled PA, allowing its skin distribution to be studied, (c) its previous use as potential simulant of CWA in skin absorption studies (Wester et al, 2000). Previous in vitro PA skin absorption studies have often been performed using human skin samples (Wester et al, 2000;Shehata-Karam et al, 1988) or pig skin samples isolated from the back or the abdominal region of the animal (Van der Merwe et al, 2006;Chang and Riviere, 1991;Reifenrath, 1984, 1986;Reifenrath et al, 1991) or using the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) (Chang et al, 1994;Carver et al, , 1990Riviere et al, 1986). Nevertheless, the exact relevance of pig-ear skin in studying the percutaneous penetration of PA still remains to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo

Boudry

Blanck

Cruz

et al. 2008

J of Applied Toxicology

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This study determined and compared the percutaneous penetration and absorption of an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, parathion (PA), using three experimental skin models: namely the human abdominal- and pig-ear skin in vitro models and the Human Skin grafted onto a nude mouse (HuSki) in vivo model. The percentage of topically applied dose absorbed and the doses present in the stratum corneum and skin were systematically determined at 24 h under similar experimental conditions. The three experimental skin models were first compared. Then, the advantages of the HuSki model for in vivo PA skin absorption studies were evaluated compared with the pig in vivo model previously used by others. Lastly, the relevance of each skin model to predict the permeability of human skin to PA in vivo was assessed by comparing our results with previously published in vivo human volunteer values. It was demonstrated that (a) pig-ear skin is relevant for predicting the in vitro human abdominal skin absorption taking into account a 2-3 times higher skin permeability to PA, (b) using ethanol as the vehicle, the absorption of PA was 4-5 times higher in the HuSki model than in the pig model but supports the usefulness of the HuSki model to easy mass balance studies, (c) both human in vitro and HuSki models closely predict the in vivo human volunteer absorption at 24 h when acetone is used as a vehicle but the HuSki model overcomes the known limitations of in vitro models for studying the fate of PA in the different skin layers after topical application.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: In Vitro Percutaneous Penetration Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo

Boudry

Blanck

Cruz

et al. 2008

J of Applied Toxicology

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show abstract

“…However, even though we used 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), our PT depot remained high (Table 2). Chang and Riviere (1991) reported greater absorption of PT when the flow rate of the receivor solution was increased from 2 to 8 ml/h even though they used 4.5% BSA in the receivor. BSA is commonly added to the receivor solution for in vitro studies to help solubilize lipophilic permeants.…”

Section: The Op Pesticides Parathion (Pt) and Malathion (Mt)mentioning

confidence: 93%

In Vitro Dermal Absorption of Methyl Salicylate, Ethyl Parathion, and Malathion: First Responder Safety

Moody

Akram

Dickson

et al. 2007

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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In vitro tests with fresh dermatomed (0.3 to 0.4 mm thick) female breast skin and one leg skin specimen were conducted in Bronaugh flow-through Teflon diffusion cells with three chemicals used to simulate chemical warfare agents: 14C-radiolabeled methyl salicylate (MES), ethyl parathion (PT), and malathion (MT), at three dose levels (2, 20, and 200 mM). Tests were conducted at a skin temperature of 29 degrees C using a brief 30-min exposure to the chemical and a 6.5-h receivor collection period. Rapid absorption of all three chemicals was observed, with MES absorbed about 10-fold faster than PT and MT. For MES, PT, and MT, respectively, there was 32%, 7%, and 12% absorption into the receivor solution (Hank's HEPES buffered saline with 4% bovine serum albumin [BSA], pH 7.4) at the low dose (2 mM), 17%, 2%, and 3% at the medium dose (20 mM), and 11%, 1%, and 1% at the high dose (200 mM) levels. Including the skin depot for MES, PT, and MT, respectively, there was 40%, 41%, and 21% (low dose), 26%, 16%, and 8% (medium dose), and 13%, 19%, and 10% (high does) absorption. Efficacy of skin soap washing conducted at the 30 min exposure time ranged from 31% to 86%, varying by chemical and dose level. Skin depot levels were highest for the relatively lipophilic PT. "Pseudo" skin permeability coefficient (K(p)) data declined with dose level, suggesting skin saturation had occurred. An in-depth comparison with literature data was conducted and risk assessment of first responder exposure was briefly considered.

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“…Chang and Riviere [46] demonstrated influence of environmental temperature on the in vitro transport of parathion across the porcine skin. The temperature of the donor phase was controlled using a flowthrough diffusion chamber.…”

Section: Influence Of Temperature On Formulation Vs Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaching the skin barrier through temperature modulations

Shahzad

Louw

Gerber

et al. 2015

Journal of Controlled Release

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Percutaneous absorption of parathion in vitro in porcine skin: Effects of dose, temperature, humidity, and perfusate composition on absorptive flux

Cited by 79 publications

References 35 publications

Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo

Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo

In Vitro Dermal Absorption of Methyl Salicylate, Ethyl Parathion, and Malathion: First Responder Safety

Breaching the skin barrier through temperature modulations

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