“…In addition to TA and TS access, a direct transatrial access using a sheath placed directly into the left atrium via a right anterior thoracotomy was also used in two patients . The “TA + TS” access was utilized for the Melody valve . Transcatheter valves were used in all patients and included the SAPIEN XT ( n = 120, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), SAPIEN ( n = 47, Edwards Lifesciences), SAPIEN 3 ( n = 26, Edwards Lifesciences), Melody ( n = 18, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN), Tiara ( n = 4, Neovasc Inc, Richmond, Canada), Lotus ( n = 3, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA), Tendyne ( n = 1, Abbott, Abbott Park, IL), and Direct Flow Medical transcatheter valve system (DFM) ( n = 9, Direct Flow Medical Inc, Santa Rosa, CA).…”