Abstract:Perennial peanut contains PPO and PPO substrates that together are capable of inhibiting post-harvest proteolysis, suggesting a possible mechanism for increased RUP in this forage. Research related to optimizing the PPO system in other forage crops will likely be applicable to perennial peanut.
“… X X [ 118 ] Piromyces communis X [ 116 ] a Without consideration of detection method, quantity of substrate degradation or impact on ruminal N metabolism Fig. 1 Simplified scheme of intestinal N metabolism and the target sites of manipulation strategies for reducing ruminal NC degradation that have shown effectiveness in vivo or in vitro (according to [ 6 , 22 , 86 , 87 , 102 , 138 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 166 , 168 , 202 , 208 , 218 ]). 1 This NC can also be supplied with the feed; 2 Urea is partly excreted with urine …”
Section: Ruminal Microorganisms Involved In the Degradation Of Nitrogmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the case of legumes, red clover ( Trifolium pratense ) expresses polyphenol-oxidase (PPO), an enzyme that causes the formation of protein-phenol complexes when plant tissues are damaged [ 137 ]. This increases the proportion of ruminally undegraded dietary crude protein (RUP) [ 138 ], which is still digestible in the small intestine and thus an available N source for the host. Moreover, red clover phenolic extract inhibited the growth of C. sticklandii cultures in vitro [ 139 ], which along with PPO, may increase N retention in ruminants.…”
Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds (NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.
“… X X [ 118 ] Piromyces communis X [ 116 ] a Without consideration of detection method, quantity of substrate degradation or impact on ruminal N metabolism Fig. 1 Simplified scheme of intestinal N metabolism and the target sites of manipulation strategies for reducing ruminal NC degradation that have shown effectiveness in vivo or in vitro (according to [ 6 , 22 , 86 , 87 , 102 , 138 , 151 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 166 , 168 , 202 , 208 , 218 ]). 1 This NC can also be supplied with the feed; 2 Urea is partly excreted with urine …”
Section: Ruminal Microorganisms Involved In the Degradation Of Nitrogmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the case of legumes, red clover ( Trifolium pratense ) expresses polyphenol-oxidase (PPO), an enzyme that causes the formation of protein-phenol complexes when plant tissues are damaged [ 137 ]. This increases the proportion of ruminally undegraded dietary crude protein (RUP) [ 138 ], which is still digestible in the small intestine and thus an available N source for the host. Moreover, red clover phenolic extract inhibited the growth of C. sticklandii cultures in vitro [ 139 ], which along with PPO, may increase N retention in ruminants.…”
Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds (NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.
“…Some of the chicoric acid reports listed in Table 1 have yet to be independently confirmed (e.g., peanut shoots, zucchini, or Chinese firethorn fruit). For example, Snook et al (1994) reported chicoric acid concentration in nine varieties of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf terminals, but a recent study (Sullivan and Foster, 2013) did not detect chicoric acid in rhizoma peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) leaves, though different species and fractions were examined.…”
Section: Plant Kingdom and Within Plant Distributionmentioning
Though chicoric acid was first identified in 1958, it was largely ignored until recent popular media coverage cited potential health beneficial properties from consuming food and dietary supplements containing this compound. To date, plants from at least 63 genera and species have been found to contain chicoric acid, and while the compound is used as a processing quality indicator, it may also have useful health benefits. This review of chicoric acid summarizes research findings and highlights gaps in research knowledge for investigators, industry stakeholders, and consumers alike. Additionally, chicoric acid identification, and quantification methods, biosynthesis, processing improvements to increase chicoric acid retention, and potential areas for future research are discussed.
“…In lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) or red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), the caffeoyl group is attached to malic acid to form phaselic acid ( Sullivan, 2009 ; Mai and Glomb, 2013 ). Esters of tartaric acid such as monocaffeoyltartaric acid [caftaric acid (CTA)] are also found in grape vine ( Vitis vinifera L.), perennial peanut ( Arachis glabrata L.) and several members of the Asteraceae like purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea L.) which also contains dicaffeoyltartaric acid (chicoric acid, diCTA; Singleton et al, 1986 ; Perry et al, 2001 ; Sullivan and Foster, 2013 ). Chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) is a member of the Asteraceae family used for a long time in traditional medicine.…”
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) accumulates caffeic acid esters with important significance for human health. In this study, we aim at a better understanding of the biochemical pathway of these bioactive compounds. Detailed metabolic analysis reveals that C. intybus predominantly accumulates caftaric and chicoric acids in leaves, whereas isochlorogenic acid (3,5-diCQA) was almost exclusively accumulated in roots. Chlorogenic acid (3-CQA) was equally distributed in all organs. Interestingly, distribution of the four compounds was related to leaf age. Induction with methyljasmonate (MeJA) of root cell suspension cultures results in an increase of 3-CQA and 3,5-diCQA contents. Expressed sequence tag libraries were screened using members of the BAHD family identified in Arabidopsis and tobacco as baits. The full-length cDNAs of five genes were isolated. Predicted amino acid sequence analyses revealed typical features of BAHD family members. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed that two genes encode HCTs (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, HCT1 and HCT2) whereas, three genes encode HQTs (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, HQT1, HQT2, and HQT3). These results totally agreed with the phylogenetic analysis done with the predicted amino acid sequences. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression indicated that HQT3, HCT1, and HCT2 might be more directly associated with CQA accumulation in cell culture in response to MeJA elicitation. Transient expression of HCT1 and HQT1 in tobacco resulted in a higher production of 3-CQA. All together these data confirm the involvement of functionally redundant genes in 3-CQA and related compound synthesis in the Asteraceae family.
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