Perfluorinated Compounds in the Cape Fear Drainage Basin in North Carolina

Nakayama, Takeo; Strynar, Mark J.; Helfant, Laurence; Egeghy, Peter; Ye, Xibiao; Lindstrom, Andrew B.

doi:10.1021/es070792y

Cited by 146 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This phenomenon has also been reported in studies in New York [19], Kentucky and Georgia [24], and also in Denmark [25]. Earlier studies in New York (NY), Cleveland (OH) and North Carolina have reported that the PFOA concentrations were about several hundreds of ng/L in the effluents in WWTPs [14,19,26,27]. In our study from the seven WWTPs, the PFOA concentrations were much higher in wastewaters from plants QH and JXQ than those from the other plants, while the lowest PFOA was found in plant FZ.…”

Section: Pfcs In Wastewaterssupporting

confidence: 69%

Evaluation of perfluorinated compounds in seven wastewater treatment plants in Beijing urban areas

et al. 2010

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The presence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in seven major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing was investigated in the current study. We detected nine PFCs in all the wastewater and sludge samples. Perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) is the dominant PFCs in influents and effluents, while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the major contaminant in sludge. The highest PFC concentration was found in plants at Qinghe and Jiuxianqiao WWTP, while the lowest was found at Fangzhuang WWTP. The total values of PFC range from 2.88 to 176 ng/L in influents, from 5.48 to 498 ng/L in effluents, and from 1.21 to 32.0 ng/g (dry wt) in sludge. The fact that effluents usually contain higher levels of PFCs than influents suggests that additional PFCs are produced during the wastewater treatment processes. However, PFOS decreases in effluents than in influents in 62% of the water samples. This may be due to the adsorption and removal of the sludge during the active process. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were found significantly correlated with each other in the effluents, which may indicate their similar sources or the existence of their potential precursors in the wastewater or treatment processes. The mass flows of PFC discharges into WWTPs are 0.4-51.4 mg/day, and the mass flows of PFCs in effluents exceed those in influents by 127%. Domestic and commercial wastewaters are suggested to be the major sources of PFC pollution in WWTPs in Beijing. perfluorinated compounds, wastewater, sludge, mass flow

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Section: Pfcs In Wastewaterssupporting

confidence: 69%

Evaluation of perfluorinated compounds in seven wastewater treatment plants in Beijing urban areas

et al. 2010

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“…A systematic investigation of the Kanzaki River system by our group revealed that there is a single source of PFOA within the Ai River [17], which was confirmed by Nguyen et al [21]. The concentrations of PFOA in other countries are also shown in Table 1 [24][25][26][27]. These values are relatively higher than the values in Japan, excluding the Kansai region.…”

Section: Distributions Of Pfoa and Pfos In The Water Environment In Jsupporting

confidence: 67%

Environmental and biological monitoring of persistent fluorinated compounds in Japan and their toxicities

Harada

2008

Environ Health Prev Med

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) comprise a class of per- and poly-fluorinated compounds that have been detected in the environment as well as in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize several monitoring studies in Japan and characterize the toxicokinetics of these compounds. We found that the levels of contamination by these compounds had unique patterns in Japan. The levels of PFOA in serum from inhabitants of the Kansai region were higher than those of other regions. The PFOA levels in air and water samples from the Kansai region were also relatively high. The estimated intakes from these routes partly explain the differences in the serum levels. The toxicokinetics of these compounds have been investigated. Serum samples from male participants had significantly higher geometric means for PFOS and PFOA compared to samples from female participants. This sex-related difference was partly simulated by menstrual blood loss. There are large interspecies differences in the excretion pathways of these compounds. The serum clearances of PFOA via urine were 300-1,000-fold lower in humans than in Wistar rats and Japanese macaques. On the other hand, the biliary excretion of these compounds was comparable in rats and humans, and the long half-lives in humans may be attributable to the low levels of urinary excretion and high biliary reabsorption rates. These findings suggest that qualitative differences in the excretion routes exist between humans and other species. For risk assessment of these compounds, further information regarding sources of exposure and their toxicokinetics is needed.

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“…The levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers (So et al, 2007) were of the same order of magnitude with those measured in the Po River, Italy (2e12 ng/L and 2e237 ng/L) (Loos et al, 2008), the Ruhr River (5.0 and 48.0 ng/L) in Germany (Skutlarek et al, 2006) and the Cape Fear River basin (28.9 and 12.6 ng/L) in North Carolina, USA (Nakayama et al, 2007).…”

Section: Riverssupporting

confidence: 63%