Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate co-exposure induced changes of metabolites and defense pathways in lettuce leaves

Translocation, bioaccumulation, and distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in plants

“…In addition to altered metabolite levels in lettuce roots, Li et al. (2020a) noted changes in metabolites under PFOA and PFOS exposure in lettuce leaves.…”

“…(2018) determined that PFASs concentrations were within a range of 160 pg g −1 d. w. in maize cobs and 380 pg g −1 d. w. in sugarcane stems, and the PFASs in soil nearby were reported to be 1700–7900 pg g −1 dry weight (d. w.). Li et al. (2020a) found the disrupted metabolic profiles regulating mineral elements and organic compounds in lettuce and the impaired defense properties, following PFOA and PFOS exposure.…”

Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

“…Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), cytochromes P450 (CYP450), and malondialdehyde (MDA) are enzymes and metabolites that collectively serve as a defense against damage from superoxide radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by preventing their formation or destroying those formed. PFAS exposure induces plant responses including enzymatic activity [78,81,87,100,103,116] and metabolite production [21,90] that may play a role in reducing phytotoxic impacts of PFAS within plants and/or promote in vivo degradation [87,100].…”

“…Co-exposure of PFOS and PFOA caused several inorganic plant elements (Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mo, and K) to decrease in lettuce leaves while Zn increased, which may be due to ROS-induced ion channel leakage [21]. Also in lettuce, PFOS and PFOA altered amino acid metabolites, dipeptides, fatty acids, lipids, phytol, purine nucleosides, phenolic antioxidants, and flavonoids, as a result of stress responses to DNA injury, photosynthesis inhibition, and impact to energy metabolism [90]. PFAS exposure significantly increased chlorophyll, MDA, and POD, but slightly decreased SOD in rapeseed [81].…”

Silylboronate-Mediated Defluorosilylation of Aryl Fluorides with or without Ni-Catalyst

“…One of the most attractive properties of organofluorine compounds is their durability, represented by Teflon ® , induced by the most vital bond energy of the C–F bond in carbon chemistry ( Uneyama et al, 2006 ; Luo et al, 2007 ; Amii et al, 2009 ). However, their robustness has often caused severe persistent environmental toxicity, such as the super-greenhouse effect by fluorocarbons ( McCulloch et al, 2003 ; Velders et al, 2007 ; Shine and Sturges, 2007 ; Sovacool et al, 2021 ) and the bioaccumulation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) ( Vierke et al, 2012 ; Stanifer et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020 ). Given this limitation, recent attention has been focused on the activation and cleavage of remarkably inert C–F bonds of organofluorine molecules, creating a new field of research in fluorine chemistry ( Stahl et al, 2013 ; Ahrens et al, 2015 ; Shen et al, 2015 ; Eisenstein et al, 2017 ; Hamel et al, 2018 ).…”