Perforated Fairings for Landing Gear Noise Control

Abstract

I. AbstractLanding gears of commercial aircraft make an important contribution to total aircraft noise in the approach configuration. Using fairings to shield components from high speed impingement reduces noise. Furthermore, perforating these fairings has been confirmed by flight tests to further enable noise reduction. Following a more fundamental study on the application of perforated fairings, a study has been performed to investigate and optimize the benefits of bleeding air through landing gear fairings. By means of wind tunnel tests, an aerodynamic and acoustic survey has been performed on a simplified A340 look alike Main Landing Gear to explore the influence of (perforated) fairings on the lower part of the gear.The results show that for this specific case, the application of impermeable fairings reduces noise in the mid-and high frequency range by shielding sharp edged components from high velocity impingement. However, below 1 kHz the noise is shown to increase significantly. Application of the perforations is shown to diminish this low frequency increase whilst maintaining the reduction in the mid-and high frequency range. The aerodynamic and acoustic measurements point in the direction of the separated flow of the fairings interacting with the downstream gear components responsible for the low frequency noise increase. Bleeding of the air through the fairings reduces the large scale turbulence in the proximity of these components and hence diminishes the low frequency increase. A sharp noise increase is present in the ground view direction at the 500 Hz centred tertsband for the solid fairing, which is confirmed to originate from the articulation link fairing. The flow around the wheels remains largely unaltered by application of the fairings. Furthermore the application of fairings is shown to suppress vortex shedding from the lower part of the main leg.A study on the effectiveness of perforation location reveals that the stagnation area perforations are responsible for most of the low frequency noise decrease. Both articulation link and undertray fairing contribute to the reduction. Exposing the perforate outside the stagnation area induces perforate self-noise, most significantly on the sides of the lower articulation link fairing. Agreeing with previous studies, the phenomenon scales with the local component of the shearing flow velocity and orifice diameter.

Design of quieter landing gears through lattice-Boltzmann CFD simulations

“…Examples are available in the literature of usage of porous fairing to further reduced noise of their solid counterpart. Boorsma et al 24 , for instance, successfully used perforated fairings applied to the articulation link of a generic four-wheel landing gear in order to reduce the effectiveness of the same solid concept. They showed that the noise reduction was significant in the low frequency range for which an increase took place when solid fairings were used.…”

Noise Assessment of NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Technologies and Concepts

“…By streamlining the deployed landing gear, the turbulence generated by the landing gear elements, and thus the overall noise, can be reduced. [25] While the interaction itself is not very well understood, it has also been shown that the level of the noise produced scales with the 6 th power of local flow speed. Rather than streamlining the gear design, the technology implemented in this model employs slots placed upstream of the landing gear that blow air to create a "curtain" that deflects the free stream airflow around the landing gear and reduces the local flow velocity, as shown in Figure 2 (from Ref.…”

Experimental Assessment of Low Noise Landing Gear Component Design

“…Initial noise control solutions involved the application of solid add-on fairings to shield the complex noise generating parts of the landing gear structure from the flow [3][4][5][6], but there was evidence that flow displaced by such fairings could be detrimental because of additional noise from adjacent gear components that experienced increased local flow speeds. As a solution of this problem, porous fairings were developed to reduce the amount of displaced flow, whilst still providing a sufficiently low flow velocity in the wake of the fairing not to generate high interaction noise levels with the downstream gear components [7][8][9].…”