Performance analysis of free space optical–based wireless sensor networks using corner cube retroreflectors

Abstract

Asymmetric free space optical wireless sensor networks (FSO-WSNs) have gained momentous attention lately due to the promise of minimal energy consumption at the distributed sensors along with eminent performance. Asymmetric FSO is accomplished using corner cube retroreflector (CCR) that is mounted on each sensor node. The CCR either reflects or absorbs the received laser beam from the fusion center to indicate its local decision regarding the monitored target. In this study, a bistatic channel is assumed where the transmitter and the receiver are located at different locations such that the double pass channel is modeled as a product of two independent turbulence channels. Novel performance analysis of the CCR-based FSO-WSN system in terms of the average bit error rate (BER) and the average decision error rate (DER) is presented. In particular, closed-form expressions for the BER and the DER are derived using the Fox H-function under different bistatic turbulent channel models including negative exponential, K-turbulence, Gamma-Gamma, and Malaga channel models.Monte Carlo simulation results are obtained to corroborate the accuracy of the derived analytical formulas where an exact match is reported over wide range of system and channel parameters. In addition, the influence of transmit power, distance, detection threshold, and turbulence parameters on the performance of the system is investigated and thoroughly discoursed.Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3707.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett considered as the most energy efficient since CCRs are very compact and operate at extremely low power consumption in the order of 0.1 nJ/bit. 11 The basic principle of CCR-based FSO-WSN implies that the fusion center (FC) emits a continuous laser beam toward each node in the WSNs to collect its binary decision. If the decision is 1, the CCR reflects the laser beam back to the FC. Alternatively, if the decision is 0, the CCR will not be activated and no signal will be reflected to the FC. Thus, the decision of the corresponding node is detected based on the intensity of the reflected beam. It is discernible that the energy consumption at the distributed nodes is at its minimum value. In literature, extensive research works have focused on fabricating the CCR and other modulating retroreflector (MRR) devices. 12,13 The establishment of the experimental CCR FSO systems is performed in other works, 14-17 which adequately demonstrates the feasibility of the CCR FSO technology. The signal to-noise ratio (SNR) of a transceiver and a single CCR in a WSN based on a passive MRR is analyzed in the work of Hsu et al. 11 Noonpakdee et al 14 propose an optical wireless identification scheme employing a thin film CCR (TCCR). The system was found to have potential advantages over hybrid RFID systems. In the work of Noonpakdee, 15 an indoor optical wireless communication system using CCR was proposed for health monitoring applications. Noonpakdee 16 proposed a passive-active optical wireless transmission for personal health monitoring sys...

Performance analysis of WSN–FSO system modeled by Gamma–Chi-square channel distribution

“…The WSN also has some disadvantages when using radio frequency (RF) channel for communications, such as limited bandwidth resources, electromagnetic interference, easy signal interception and high energy consumption [3][4][5]. In order to avoid the abovementioned problems, the use of free-space optics (FSO) technology for wireless signal transmission is explored, which due to its numerous advantages can be a good solution [6,7].…”

“…Numerous applications of WSNs are constrained by the limited battery power of the sensor; therefore, the primary goal is to improve the energy efficiency of the sensor. Since in some environments it is very difficult or not possible to replace or recharge the batteries, and the network lifetime is determined by the lifetime of the battery, energy efficiency is one of the main issues [1,4].…”

Outage Analysis of Relay-Based Dual-Hop Hybrid FSO-mmWave Systems

“…Free-space optical (FSO) systems as an optical wireless communications are proposed as an optimistic solution for high speed wireless systems due to its natural benefits like robustness to interference, low power consumption, and as well as higher security level than traditional radio frequency (RF) transmissions [2]. However, an FSO link is highly dependent on line-of-sight (LOS) adjustments and is dramatically influenced by different turbulence circumstances including temperature, wind strength, and foggy atmosphere [3], [4]. As an alternative solution, researchers show that millimeter waves (mmWave) bands also support multi-gigabit wireless data transmissions with very low latency [5].…”

Performance analysis of long‐reach 40/40 Gbps mode division multiplexing‐based hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network/free‐space optics using Gamma‐Gamma fading model with pointing error under different weather conditions

“…Besides, the transmission of 40 Gbps to 80 GHz information over phase-shift keying MDM (PSK-MDM) scheme based Ro-FSO distance of 50 km under clear atmospheric condition using LG00 and HG01 modes are evaluated. 39 The several developments in MDM-FSO link consist of adopting different coding techniques, 40,41 modulation schemes, 42,43 multiplexing schemes, 44,45 and simulative evaluation under scintillation effects (SI), 46 pointing errors and different atmospheric conditions. 47,48 Out of these, pointing errors and different atmospheric conditions in MDM-FSO are most recent research area.…”