Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL): Energy, Overhead and Packet Delivery

Ching, Tan Woei; Aman, Azana Hafizah Mohd; Azamuddin, Wan Muhd Hazwan; Sallehudin, Hasimi; Attarbashi, Zainab Senan

doi:10.1109/crc50527.2021.9392475

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The OF0 is intended to be a baseline from which more refined objective function implementations can be developed. The second is the container-based minimal rank with hysteresis objective function (MRHOF) [54], [55], which is likely the most widely used routing metric. By using a metric container, users can modify the metrics that are transmitted alongside DIO messages.…”

Section: Objective Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of routing protocol for low power and lossy network in the internet of things

Saare,

Lashari,

Khalil

et al. 2023

IJEECS

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The growth of internet of things (IoT) devices and apps has caused disruptions in key sectors such as smart environment, healthcare, and mission-critical tool. Security of IoT devices, networks, and infrastructure is the biggest challenge. RPL, a routing protocol optimised for low-power and lossy networks, is applied by the IoT to offer seamless information transfer among the myriad of interconnected entities. So, the paper delves into the nuts and bolts of RPL, covering its protocol settings, trickle timer, and objective function, as well as the IoT’s architecture and applications. This article also provides a framework for categorising past research on the effects of RPL-IoT on energy consumption, transportation, service quality, traffic congestion, and safety. The future of energy efficiency, congestion, objective function, mobility, stability, security, collaborative intrusion detection systems, active learning, and Key Management are all considered in this analysis.

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Section: Objective Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of routing protocol for low power and lossy network in the internet of things

Saare,

Lashari,

Khalil

et al. 2023

IJEECS

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“…Similar work has focused on the use of 6LoWPAN through performance metrics to describe congestion in an experimental network, using the Cooja tool simulator; for this purpose, a new algorithm is proposed to improve congestion, energy consumption, and performance over the deployment of nodes [54]. Also, another work focuses on improving routing in 6LoWPAN-based networks; for this purpose, several metrics are tested using the Cooja simulator tool; metrics such as packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and control message overhead are tested through an experimental network [55]. But the work is not working with the same scenario of simulation for flood monitoring and our proposed algorithm.…”

Section: Lowpan and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of 6LoWPAN protocol for a flood monitoring system

Piñeres-Espitia

Butt

Francisco

et al. 2022

J Wireless Com Network

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The internet of things is a disruptive technology that has been applied as a solution to problems in many fields of monitoring environmental variables. It is supported by technologies such as wireless sensor networks, which offer many protocols and hardware platforms in the market today. Protocols such as 6LoWPAN are novel, so this work focuses on determining whether its implementation on TelosB mote is feasible; these would be placed on an experimental deployment for a particular scenario of flash floods in a sector known as “La Brigada”, in the city of Barranquilla. This proposal has not been evaluated in Colombia for this type of application, and no similar work has been done for this type of scenario. For the evaluation of 6LoWPAN, a deployment with two end nodes and a sink node has been designed, due to the monitoring section under study; 5-min tests are proposed where through round trip time traffic PINGv6 packets are generated back and forth (Echo) between a sink node and two end nodes. The results are based on the evaluation of metrics such as delay and ping packet request/response rate. The performance of these metrics is subject to test scenarios that vary according to distance, packet size, and channel scan time. Two routing options, static or dynamic, are also proposed for this application case. The tests performed yielded results in terms of better performance in the test scenarios for packets with an average size of 120 B and channel monitoring times of 1024 ms. Likewise, the use of the TelosB platform was validated as a viable and innovative option for a monitoring scenario to flash floods in short stretches of the city of Barranquilla—Colombia. This study is important because it can provide information on the use of the TelosB platform as a valid solution for similar application scenarios; furthermore, the tests performed can be replicated in similar studies to evaluate congestion, power consumption, routing, topologies, and other metrics. This study is providing a road map for the research community to follow the simulation scenario to apply the test to their own studies. This work also provides the guidelines for similar researchers to monitor the flood in their own regions and then compare their results with this study.

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“…The ability to support lossy network with link outages and high packet error rate has distinguished RPL among the existing protocols (Tavakoli, 2009; Kim et al , 2005; Kim et al , 2007) for low power networks. Since then, RPL has been on target for many researchers (Chauvenet et al , 2010; Clausen and Herberg, 2010a, 2010b; Tripathi et al , 2014; Ching et al , 2021) who have focused on improving the design, optimizing and deploying of RPL in the network. RPL has gained maturity because of its flexibility to adapt several topologies, network conditions and quality of service support (Kamgueu et al , 2015; Karkazis et al , 2013; Velivasaki et al , 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network efficient topology for low power and lossy networks in smart corridor design using RPL

Garg

Mehrotra

Pandey

et al. 2021

IJPCC

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Purpose This paper aims to determine the network efficient topology for low power and lossy networks (LLNs) using routing protocol for LLN (RPL) with respect to the increase in network size and propose a novel approach to overcome the shortcomings of the existing models. Design/methodology/approach The authors have used Contiki OS/Cooja simulator to conduct experiments on primarily four topologies (star, bus/linear, ring/eclipse and random). They have implemented RPL protocol using Sky motes for each topology from 10, 20, 30 and up to 70 nodes. Consequently, after 24 h of experimentation, the readings have been noted and, alongside, a comprehensive comparative analysis has been performed based on the network density and metric parameters: packet delivery ratio (PDR), expected transmission (ETX) and power consumption. Further, a hybrid model is proposed where the additional factors of mobility, multiple sink and a combination of static and mobile nodes are introduced. The proposed model is then compared with the star model (all static nodes and star topology) and the dynamic model (all mobile nodes) to analyze the efficiency and network performance for different network sizes (28, 36, 38 and 44 nodes). The mobility is introduced using BonnMotion tool in Contiki OS. Findings Simulation results have shown that the star topology is most network efficient when compared with bus/linear, ring/eclipse and random topologies for low density and high scalable network. But when the same setup is compared with the proposed hybrid model, the proposed model shows a significant improvement and gives the best and efficient network performance with highest PDR (average improvement approximately 44.5%) and lowest ETX (average improvement approximately 49.5%) comparatively. Practical implications Also, these findings will benefit the deployment of smart devices used in advanced metering infrastructure, road side units and in various industrial applications such as traffic monitoring system, electronic toll collection and traffic analysis in the smart grid infrastructure. Originality/value The impact of topology is significant and detailed analysis is required to understand the impact of different topologies of the nodes in the network for the present and the future scenarios. As very few research studies have discussed this gap, this research paper is quintessential and shall open novel future potential direction. Also, the proposed approach of hybrid model with mobility has not been considered in the literature yet.

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Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL): Energy, Overhead and Packet Delivery

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Review of routing protocol for low power and lossy network in the internet of things

Review of routing protocol for low power and lossy network in the internet of things

Performance analysis of 6LoWPAN protocol for a flood monitoring system

Network efficient topology for low power and lossy networks in smart corridor design using RPL

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