2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105314
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Performance analysis of membrane separation for upgrading biogas to biomethane at small scale production sites

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Cited by 46 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…SO 2 EFs range from 1.71 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 to 3.5 × 10 –2 lb MMBtu –1 in raw biogas due to variability in fuel sulfur and methane content. SO 2 EFs for biomethane range from 1.06 to 4.07 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 because the precleaning steps for the upgrading process remove sulfur from the fuel . For reference, the SO 2 EF from natural gas-fired stationary reciprocating engines is 5.88 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 , which is comparable to the biomethane EFs calculated in the current study.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 76%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…SO 2 EFs range from 1.71 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 to 3.5 × 10 –2 lb MMBtu –1 in raw biogas due to variability in fuel sulfur and methane content. SO 2 EFs for biomethane range from 1.06 to 4.07 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 because the precleaning steps for the upgrading process remove sulfur from the fuel . For reference, the SO 2 EF from natural gas-fired stationary reciprocating engines is 5.88 × 10 –4 lb MMBtu –1 , which is comparable to the biomethane EFs calculated in the current study.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 76%
“…Calculated emission factors (EFs) of SO 2 and selected organic compounds are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 62 For reference, the SO 2 EF from natural gas-fired stationary reciprocating engines 63 is 5.88 × 10 −4 lb MMBtu −1 , which is comparable to the biomethane EFs calculated in the current study. Concentrations of different semivolatile organic compounds, PAHs, and extended hydrocarbons in the engine exhaust were measured after injection into the photochemical reaction chamber and aging under dark or light conditions.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 69%
“…Alternatively, upgrading biogas to biomethane by removing CO 2 and other impurities so that the resulting fuel can be used as a direct replacement for natural gas may require more careful consideration. Multiple upgrading technologies exist that will likely separate the carbonyls in the raw biogas fuel but these processes may still subsequently release the carbonyls to the environment. For example, biogas upgrading plants may use activated carbon to absorb trace contaminants in the biogas but regenerating carbon beds using heated gas may simply release the carbonyls to the environment through another pathway.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…RNG was collected from three different biogas facilities (two food waste digesters and one dairy waste digester) using a mobile membrane separation unit (model HL-X1, Helee Inc., Hayward, CA) as described in previous studies. , RNG was compressed to 3600 psi in 61 L cylinders (CNG Cylinders International, Oxnard, CA) using a natural gas compressor designed for refueling CNG vehicles (PHILL Compressor, BRC Fuel Maker Corporation; Cherasco, Italy). Each cylinder required ∼10 h to fill using the small compressor, and 2–3 cylinders were filled at each site depending on the availability of RNG.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%