“…They can quickly switch between different operating states and achieve instantaneous fluid control. This characteristic is crucial in applications requiring rapid response and real-time adjustment, with broad prospects in microfluidic transport fields such as medical microinfusion [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], fuel cells [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], cooling systems [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], micromanipulation [ 30 , 31 ], and surface coating of fan blades [ 32 ]. In recent decades, researchers have extensively studied piezoelectric pumps and incorporated them into their products.…”