“…Many nano species have been used in the preparation of membranes or processes involving membranes and their various applications, as follows: nano species derived from carbon (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene) [ 2 , 3 ]; metallic nanoparticles (silver, gold, copper) [ 4 , 5 ]; oxide nanoparticles (silica, titanium dioxide, iron oxides, copper oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]; polymeric nanoparticles (ion exchangers, reactive and complexed polymers) [ 10 , 11 ]; proteins, and enzymes [ 12 ]. Most of the time, the effect of nano species used in membranes and membrane processes was defined, and their preparation or cost did not condition any application.…”