Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life: I. Growth of the body and body components.

Bikker, P.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Kemp, B.; Bosch, M.W.

doi:10.2527/1996.744806x

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Similar values are not available in the literature for veal calves but the estimate is close to values measured in pigs (36 g/MJ, Quiniou et al, 1996; 35 g/MJ ME, Bikker et al, 1996b). Additionally, average BW gain values at the highest FL for stages 2 and 3 increased up to 1.8 kg/day, which is consistent with results of van den Borne et al (2006) for similar ME intake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of feed intake on heat production and protein and fat deposition in milk-fed veal calves

Labussière

Maxin

Dubois

et al. 2009

Animal

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Energy requirements for veal calves have not been updated recently despite the increased age at slaughter and the predominance of the Prim'Holstein breed in Europe. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of four feeding levels (FLs) on protein and fat deposition and heat production in milk-fed calves at three stages of fattening and to determine energy requirements of calves. At each stage, 16 Prim'Holstein male calves (mean body weight (BW): 73.4, 151.6 and 237.4 kg) were fed a milk replacer at 79%, 87%, 95% or 103% of a reference FL. Measurements for one stage were conducted over 4 successive weeks in two open-circuit respiration chambers and consisted of a 6-day nitrogen and energy balance followed by a fasting day for estimating fasting heat production (FHP) of the calves. Heat production (HP) measurements were analyzed using a modeling approach to partition it between HP due to physical activity (AHP), feed intake (thermic effect of feeding (TEF)) and FHP. There was no effect of FL and stage on apparent digestibility coefficients, except for a tendency for increased digestibility coefficient of fat as animals got older. The metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy (DE) ratio did not depend on FL but decreased (P , 0.01) as animals got older in connection with marked increases in urinary glucose and urea excretion. The AHP and TEF components of HP were not affected by stage or FL and averaged 8.4% and 7.8% of ME intake, respectively. The FHP, expressed per kg BW 0.85 , increased with increasing FL, suggesting that also ME requirement for maintenance (ME m ) may depend on FL. For an average intake of 625 kJ ME/kg BW 0.85 per day (95% of the reference FL), FHP was 298 kJ/kg BW 0.85 per day. Energy retention as protein and fat increased with increasing FL resulted in higher BW gain. But the rate of increase depended on stage of growth. The slope relating protein deposition to FL was lower in the finishing phase than in the growing phase, while the slope for lipid deposition was greater. Protein and fat contents of BW gain were not affected by FL but increased as animals got older. From these results, the energy requirements of veal calves are proposed according to a new approach, which considers that ME m (expressed per kg BW 0.85 ) depends on ME intake (kJ/kg BW 0.85 ) according to the following relationship: ME m 5 197 1 0.25 3 ME intake. The corresponding marginal efficiencies of ME utilization for protein and fat deposition are then 82% and 87%, respectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of feed intake on heat production and protein and fat deposition in milk-fed veal calves

Labussière

Maxin

Dubois

et al. 2009

Animal

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“…Furthermore, as a proportion of carcass weight LD muscle of R pigs showed slightly higher value than A pigs at SL1 and SL2 (the absolute wet weight of the muscle was not significantly different at these points nor at SL3; data not shown), but this muscle was not different at SL3, suggesting that compensatory growth had no effect on muscle tissue weight but did influence internal organs. Overall, these results indicate that the compensatory growth during the re-alimentation period occurred due to increased internal organ weight and fat deposition in accordance with Mersmann et al (1987), Bikker et al (1996) and Therkildsen et al (2002 and. In this study, IMF content in R pigs was lower than A pigs during the restriction period and slightly lower after refeeding for 2 days; however, there was no difference after full compensation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Effect of compensatory growth on performance, carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs

Chaosap

Parr

Wiseman

2011

Animal

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A total of 48 female pigs (Large White 3 Landrace 3 Duroc cross) were used to determine whether a compensatory feed regime influenced performance, carcass composition and the level of plasma IGF-1. Pigs of initial age 73 days were fed a commercial diet at 0.70 of ad libitum (R) for 40 days followed by a return to ad libitum feeding for a further 42 days. The control group was fed ad libitum (A) throughout. Groups of animals on R and A feed regimes were slaughtered at the end of restriction period (SL1), 2 days after refeeding ad libitum (SL2) to establish the more immediate effects of refeeding on IGF levels, and after 42 days refeeding (SL3; n 5 8 for each group). As expected, during the restriction period, average daily live weight gain in all the slaughter groups of R pigs was significantly lower than A pigs ( P , 0.01); there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratios. In the re-alimentation period of SL3, R pigs grew 12.9% faster ( P 5 0.033), indicating compensatory growth. At SL1, there was a trend for carcass weight ( P 5 0.108) of A pigs to be higher than R pigs, but at SL2 live weight and carcass weight of A pigs were significantly heavier than R pigs ( P , 0.05), but not at SL3. For killing-out percentage, there was no difference in SL1. After refeeding for 2 days (SL2) and 42 days (SL3), R pigs had significantly lower killing-out percentage than A pigs ( P , 0.05). As a proportion of live weight, R pigs had smaller heart, kidney and liver ( P , 0.05) than A pigs at SL1. At SL2, only the kidney was smaller in the restricted group ( P , 0.05) and there were no significant differences in SL3. As a proportion of carcass weight, Longissimus dorsi was heavier in the R pigs at SL1 ( P 5 0.108) and SL2 ( P , 0.05), but not at SL3. At SL1, there was a trend for intramuscular fat of A pigs to be higher than R pigs. The plasma IGF-1 level was lower in R pigs than A pigs ( P 5 0.010) at SL1, and slightly lower at SL2 ( P 5 0.110), with no significant differences at SL3. Dietary restriction period influenced plasma IGF-1 levels, which returned to the ad libitum group levels when animals were refed, as did live weight and carcass weight. It appears that the internal organs and possibly fat, but not muscles, underwent a compensatory response when animals were refed.

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“…Decreased feeding has been reported to reduce visceral organ weight in growing pigs and hence to reduce fasting heat production (Koong et al, 1982;Bikker et al, 1996b). Heyer and Lebret (2007) showed that feed restriction decreased visceral organ weight, but during realimentation, visceral weight rapidly increased to greater than that of ad libitum-fed pigs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continual fluctuation in feed intake on growth performance response and carcass fat-to-lean ratio in grower-finisher pigs1

Mullan

Trezona

D’Souza

et al. 2009

Journal of Animal Science

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An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of continual fluctuations in feed intake on grower-finisher pig growth performance and carcass fat-to-lean ratio (F:L). Sixty individually housed female pigs (Landrace × Large White) with initial BW of 29.8 ± 0.4 kg were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 feeding regimens (n = 15): 1) ad libitum throughout (AL); 2) 85% of the mean intake of the AL group during the previous week (R); 3) 70% of the mean intake on 1 d, and on the following day, 100% of the amount consumed by the AL group during the preceding week, with this pattern repeated every 2 d throughout (D); and 4) 70% of the mean intake for 3 consecutive days, and 100% of the amount consumed by the AL group for the next 3 d, with this pattern repeated throughout the experiment (3-D). Pigs receiving each treatment were fed the same diets during the weaner (10 to 20 kg), grower (20 to 50 kg), finisher 1 (50 to 70 kg), and finisher 2 (70 kg to slaughter at approximately 104 kg) growth phases. Pigs receiving fluctuated feed intake either by the D or 3-D feeding regimen showed a pattern of growth similar to that of pigs on the R feeding regimen. Pigs on the R and 3-D regimens were lighter at 28 d (P < 0.05) and pigs on the R, D, and 3-D regimens were lighter at 63 d (P < 0.05) than pigs on the AL regimen. Pigs on the R, D, or 3-D feeding regimens had a greater G:F between 15 to 42 d of the experiment than pigs fed AL throughout (P < 0.05). The R, D, and 3-D feeding regimens seemed to have some effect on carcass weight and dressing percentage, and pigs had a decreased P2 (located 65 mm from the midline of the carcass at the last thoracic rib) backfat depth (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed AL. Pigs on the AL and 3-D feeding regimens had thicker subcutaneous fat at the last lumbar vertebrae on the dorsal edge of the loin than pigs on the R feeding regimen (P < 0.05). Carcass and visceral fat content and the F:L in the carcass and primal cuts, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, were not different among treatments. However, pigs on the AL and 3-D feeding regimens had decreased estimated bone content in the carcass compared with pigs on the R and D feeding regimens (P < 0.05). The results indicated that continual fluctuation in feed intake either every other day or every 3 d had minimal effects on growth and carcass F:L compared with pigs fed the same restricted amount throughout the experiment.

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Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life: I. Growth of the body and body components.

Cited by 61 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of feed intake on heat production and protein and fat deposition in milk-fed veal calves

Effect of feed intake on heat production and protein and fat deposition in milk-fed veal calves

Effect of compensatory growth on performance, carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs

Effects of continual fluctuation in feed intake on growth performance response and carcass fat-to-lean ratio in grower-finisher pigs1

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