Performance and image enhancing drug injectors’ access to needle syringe programs: Responding to a public policy dilemma

Beek, Ingrid van; Chronister, Karen J.

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.05.009

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Ten studies evidenced IPED users obtaining injecting equipment from NSPs. However, five studies recruited from harm reduction services [19, 43, 51, 53, 54] and one had predominantly NSP clients [3, 22, 42]. This could explain the prevalence of NSPs as places to access injecting equipment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they also reported users collecting supplies on behalf of friends who were afraid of being recognised. Elsewhere 44% of IPED users obtained needles on behalf of others and 27% acquired needles from friends [54]. In one study of 1716 internet forum posts, it was evident, although not explicitly stated, that NSPs and anti-aging clinics were being used since experienced IPED users advised inexperienced users to access such services [44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access

et al. 2019

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Background Since there is a paucity of research on support for people using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), we aimed to identify and synthesise the available evidence in this field. Gaining an understanding of the support both accessed and wanted by recreational AAS users will be of use to professionals who provide services to intravenous substance users and also to those working in the fields of public health and social care, with the aim to increase engagement of those using AAS. Methods A systematic scoping review of the literature to explore and identify the nature and scope of information and support both accessed and wanted by non-prescribed AAS users. Any support services or information designed to help people who use AAS were considered. Results We identified 23 papers and one report for review, which indicated that AAS users access a range of sources of information on: how to inject, substance effectiveness, dosages and side effects, suggesting this is the type of information users want. AAS users sought support from a range of sources including medical professionals, needle and syringe programmes, friends, dealers, and via the internet, suggesting that, different sources were used dependent on the information or support sought. Discussion AAS users tended to prefer peer advice and support over that of professionals, and access information online via specialist forums, reflecting the stigma that is experienced by AAS users. These tendencies can act as barriers to accessing services provided by professionals. Conclusions Support needs to be specific and targeted towards AAS users. Sensitivity to their perceptions of their drug-use and the associated stigma of being classified in the same sub-set as other illicit drug users is relevant to facilitating successful engagement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7288-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access

et al. 2019

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“…In addition to the direct actions of anabolic androgenic steroid substances, their use in the form of injectables carries further potential for harm. Injected intramuscularly, rather than intravenously, users generally do not perceive themselves to be at high risk of contracting blood‐borne viruses (Van Beek & Chronister, ). This could explain the much lower levels of hepatitis B vaccinations or hepatitis C testing seen in anabolic androgenic steroid users compared to other injecting drug users (Anon, ).…”

Section: Harms Of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two thirds of anabolic androgenic steroid users now obtain injection equipment from an NPS (Bates & McVeigh, ); this is a change from 2013 when most users purchased equipment online (Chandler & Mcveigh, ). The more challenging issue now is that attendees collect equipment for onward distribution (Van Beek & Chronister, ). Around one fifth of users report collecting equipment to give to others (Bates & McVeigh, ), and those in receipt will not benefit from the important advice on safe use, injection, and disposal of needles.…”

Section: Harms Of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update

Mullen

Whalley

Schifano

et al. 2020

British J Pharmacology

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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are prescribed for medical conditions related to low testosterone. Abuse of AASs has surged as they become recognised as potent image enhancement drugs. The primary goal of most abusers is to obtain a more attractive outward appearance. Abuse is complex. There are a vast range of AAS substances illegally available, the nature of their true composition is difficult to evaluate.Users follow dosing patterns which incorporate a number of different AASs, in addition to other pharmaceutical substances believed to complement the desired physical effects or manage unwanted effects. Animal work and medical case reports suggest potential to cause serious hepatotoxicity, plus possible neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and damage to the cardiovascular and reproductive systems. As the long-term AASs users reach maturity, further controlled experimentation, with larger sample sizes, is required. Data gathering should be directed towards the most vulnerable group of AAS users, females and adolescent boys.

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“…This is in line with the increasing consumption levels of a range of 'imageand performance-enhancing drugs' (IPEDs) [6,7]; within the IPED group, there are a number of molecules being typically self-administered by people who do not consider themselves as drug misusers, for example: elite/ amateur athletes and bodybuilders, who aim at enhancing their physical performance and improve their appearance whilst reducing body fat [2,8]. IPEDs can be easily available from a range of sources [9], although the consumption of these products without any medical supervision could lead to various health risks [4,[9][10][11]. Performance-enhancing drugs include the following: anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS); human growth hormone (hGH); steroid hormones (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

Milano

Chiappini

Mattioli

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.

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Performance and image enhancing drug injectors’ access to needle syringe programs: Responding to a public policy dilemma

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access

Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access

Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update

β‐2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol‐ and Salbutamol‐related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports

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