NOTICEThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof. nor any of their employees. makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com pleteness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed. or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name. trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily con stitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation. or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
Price: Microfiche A01Printed Copy A03Codes are used for pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issue of the following publications which are generally available in most libraries: Energy Research Abstracts (ERA); Govern ment Reports Announcements and Index ( GRA and I); Scientific and Technical Abstract Reports (STAR); and publication NTIS-PR-360 available from NTIS at the above address. l l. r l L 'c L 2 The Ad Hoc Electric Vehicle Batte ry Readiness Working Group consists of leading scientists and program managers from government agencies, battery developers, automobile manufacturers, and the chemical processing industry.iii TP-4678 agencies, universities, and private industry. Subsequent volumes will address environmental, health, and safety issues involved in shipping cells and batteries, using batteries to propel electric vehicles, and recycling and disposing of spent batteries.The remainder of this volume is divided into two major sections on safety at the cell and battery levels. The section on Na/S cells describes major components and potential failure modes, design, life testing and fa ilure testing, thermal cycling, and the safety status of Na/S cells. The section on batteries describes battery design, testing, and safety status. Additional EH&S information on Na/S batteries is provided in the appendices.I am indebted to many people who helped me obtain information and reviewed drafts of this volume. I am especiall y indebted to J. Braithwaite of Sandia National Laboratories who helped me understand some of the technical intricacies of Na/S battery technology and who patiently reviewed several drafts of this volume. I would also like to thank R. MacDowall of Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, J. Smaga of Argonne National Laboratory, E. Dowgiallo, Jr., and K. Heitner ofOOFJEHP, H. Haskins of Ford Motor Company and the USABC, and R. Swaroop of EPRI for reviewing a draft of this volume and offering helpful technical suggestions on the text. I am also indebted to J. Rasmussen of Beta Power, Inc., for providing me tec...