“…As briefly reviewed in the previous section, Qatar has been undertaking reforms and initiatives to modernize the educational system toward a world-class quality education and has been mobilizing its resources in this effort: in 2020, the government allocated QAR 22.1 billion for the education sector, representing 10.5% of its total budget (Qatar Development Bank, 2021, 5). As part of these efforts, increasing reference to the importance of aligning the curriculum with SDGs, integrating ESD into teaching and learning activities, and designing education programs which can serve to the purpose of raising awareness on sustainability challenges in especially locally critical issues such as water, food, energy, are in place at the discourse level (Al-Kuwari et al, 2021;Zguir et al, 2021). At the practice level, the implementation of ESD emerges as a complex sphere with a combination of official, top-down initiated efforts, diverging global frameworks and extracurricular school activities in the formal and non-formal forms.…”