“…Many methods were used to prepare SHP surfaces, including phase separation, 21 electrostatic spinning, 22 sol–gel method, 23 vapor deposition and etching methods 24 and so on. However, most of these methods are unsuitable for heterogeneous, porous, alkaline concrete 25,26 . Therefore, nanoparticles (NPs) modification has attracted researchers with the advantage of simple operation without complex and precise instruments and is inexpensive 27–29 .…”