“…One of the most important tasks in flood control is identifying the best methods for locating the primary sources of flooding across a catchment, in order to improve flood prevention techniques that is also known as flood source areas (FSA) (Singh et al, 2021), through accurate simulation and analysis of runoff generation processes at the sub-basin scale. In an attempt to solve this problem, many systematic methods such as hydrological models (Abdulkareem et al, 2018;Dehghanian et al, 2019;Maghsood et al, 2019), GIS-based methods (Cabrera & Lee, 2019;Hong & Abdelkareem, 2022;Mukherjee & Singh, 2020;Osei et al, 2021), remote sensing methods (Sadiq et al, 2022;Sharma et al, 2019;Syifa et al, 2019), multi-criteria decision methods (Ajjur & Mogheir, 2020;Hadian et al, 2022;Pham et al, 2021;Roy et al, 2021), and machine learning and data mining methods (Ha & Kang, 2022;Luu et al, 2021;Rahman et al, 2021) have been used.…”