Performance evaluation of a near infrared QEPAS based ethylene sensor

Schilt, Stéphane; Kosterev, Anatoliy A.; Tittel, Frank K.

doi:10.1007/s00340-008-3306-x

Cited by 67 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…An alternative is to use a piezoelectric transducer such as a quartz tuning fork [105][106][107]. In this case, the acoustic energy is accumulated in the resonant piezoelectric device, and the vibration of the piezoelectric device is converted into electric signal via piezoelectric effect.…”

Section: Fiber-optic Microphone For Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas detection with micro- and nano-engineered optical fibers

Jin

Cao

et al. 2013

Optical Fiber Technology

138

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a b s t r a c tThis paper overviews recent development in gas detection with micro-and nano-engineered optical fibers, including hollow-core fibers, suspended-core fibers, tapered optical micro/nano fibers, and fiber-tip micro-cavities. Both direct absorption and photoacoustic spectroscopy based detection schemes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on post-processing stock optical fibers to achieve better system performance. Our recent demonstration of distributed methane detection with a $75-m long of hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber is also reported.

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Section: Fiber-optic Microphone For Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas detection with micro- and nano-engineered optical fibers

Jin

Cao

et al. 2013

Optical Fiber Technology

138

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“…When operated at constant temperature, the laser current required for emission at the wavelength of the desired atomic resonance is found to decrease by 50 to 80 μA per month. The impact of this result on the lifetime and long-term performances of laser-pumped rubidium atomic clocks is discussed.Reliable single-mode and narrowband laser diodes are required for a wide range of applications and precision instrumentation including atomic clocks [1][2][3], magnetometers [4], precision gyroscopes [5], trace gas sensing [6], and telecommunication. The reliability and lifetime of such instruments critically relies on the same characteristics of the laser diodes implemented [7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

Methods and evaluation of frequency aging in distributed-feedback laser diodes for rubidium atomic clocks

2011

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Distributed-feedback laser diodes emitting at 780 nm have been evaluated, with respect to the aging of the injection current required for reaching the rubidium D2 resonance line. Results obtained for lasers operating in air and in vacuum for 9 months are reported. When operated at constant temperature, the laser current required for emission at the wavelength of the desired atomic resonance is found to decrease by 50 to 80 μA per month. The impact of this result on the lifetime and long-term performances of laser-pumped rubidium atomic clocks is discussed.Reliable single-mode and narrowband laser diodes are required for a wide range of applications and precision instrumentation including atomic clocks [1][2][3], magnetometers [4], precision gyroscopes [5], trace gas sensing [6], and telecommunication. The reliability and lifetime of such instruments critically relies on the same characteristics of the laser diodes implemented [7,8]. A variety of tests were established [9] and are now routinely performed on laser diodes, both for applications on ground [10] and in space [11,12].Standard procedures on laser reliability testing include the laser linewidth and the intensity noise [9], but other spectral properties parameters relevant for high-precision instrumentation using narrow atomic resonances, such as atomic clocks and gyroscopes, are not considered, e.g., frequency noise or aging of the injection current required to reach a specific wavelength. Here we report on our studies on the aging of the current at resonance for distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diodes, which emission at 780 nm corresponds to the Rb D2 transition, as used in Rb atomic clocks. This current is understood as the injection current (at constant laser chip temperature) needed to maintain the laser emission precisely at the center of the atomic resonance. The aging of this current, or frequency aging, can limit the spectral lifetime of the laser and finally also the instrument lifetime, because at some time it can become impossible to maintain the Rb resonance wavelength by simply adjusting the laser current. Measurement of the laser wavelength throughout the aging procedure was previously applied to a 780 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) [7] and in radiation tests on DFB at 1:55 μm [11], but two-point measurements (before and after aging) are predominant in the literature [12][13][14]. In this Letter, we report on aging of the current at resonance, measured several times per day over many months.The lasers under study are GaAs DFB laser diodes (Eagleyard Photonics, EYP-DFB-0780-00080-1500) [15]. They emit at 780 nm. Three devices were evaluated on the long-term. Two were packaged in a TO-9 can style with integrated monitor diode, while the third one was in a TO-3 housing with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and thermistor (NTC) additionally integrated.Two different methods were applied to evaluate the frequency aging of the devices; both imply an Rb D2 transition at 780 nm as frequency discriminator. In the first method, the las...

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“…Many teams across the world are currently working with this technique. One can cite the Sigrist team from Switzerland currently developing, for example, the Differential Mode Excitation PhotoAcoustic (DEM-PA) technique [1], the Harren team from the Netherlands working with Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs) [2], the Tittel team developing the Quartz Enhanced PhotoAcoustic Sensor (QEPAS) [2,3], the Hess team from Germany [4], the Szabo team from Hungary [5,6], the Kauppinen team from Finland currently developing the cantilever system [7], the Ponomarev team from Tomsk -Russia [8], or the Li team from China [9]. The PA technique for trace gas detection consists of sending modulated radiation into a sample gas cell containing a microphone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The design of the differential Helmholtz resonator PA sensor and a detailed examination of its characteristics were first presented in [10]. The PA detector consists of two 10cm long cells with two 10 cm long capillaries, in a total volume of less than 20 cm 3 . Various prototypes were produced: glass cells equipped with electret microphones and metal cells equipped with condenser microphones from Bruel&Kjaer used in conjunction with low-noise preamplifiers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas detection with cryogenic and room-temperature continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers

et al. 2010

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Abstract:The main characteristics that a sensor must possess for trace gas detection and pollution monitoring are high sensitivity, high selectivity and the capability to perform in situ measurements. The photacoustic Helmholtz sensor developed in Reims, used in conjunction with powerful Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs), fulfils all these requirements. The best cell response is # 1200 V W −1 cm and the corresponding ultimate sensitivity is j 3.3×10 −10 W cm −1 Hz −1/2 . This efficient sensor is used with mid-infrared QCLs from Alpes Lasers to reach the strong fundamental absorption bands of some atmospheric gases. A first cryogenic QCL emitting at 7.9 µm demonstrates the detection of methane in air with a detection limit of 3 ppb. A detection limit of 20 ppb of NO in air is demonstrated using another cryogenic QCL emitting in the 5.4 µm region. Real in-situ measurements can be achieved only with room-temperature QCLs. A room-temperature QCL emitting in the 7.9 µm region demonstrates the simultaneous detection of methane and nitrous oxide in air (17 and 7 ppb detection limit, respectively). All these reliable measurements allow the estimated detection limit for various atmospheric gases using quantum cascade lasers to be obtained. Each gas absorbing in the infrared may be detected at a detection limit in the ppb or low-ppb range. PACS (2008):07.07.Df; 07.88.+y Keywords:photoacoustic spectroscopy • quantum cascade laser • infrared gas detection

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Performance evaluation of a near infrared QEPAS based ethylene sensor

Cited by 67 publications

References 20 publications

Gas detection with micro- and nano-engineered optical fibers

Gas detection with micro- and nano-engineered optical fibers

Methods and evaluation of frequency aging in distributed-feedback laser diodes for rubidium atomic clocks

Photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas detection with cryogenic and room-temperature continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers

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