Performance evaluation of an optimized PID controller for propofol and remifentanil coadministration in general anesthesia

Bioelectrical impedance analysis of thermal-induced cutaneous nociception

“…as it has been shown that BIS works very well for hypnosis, with different control strategies [56,57]. A model needs further to be identified for linking the opioids' effect to the drug intake, possibly updating for the prediction of drug-toeffect dynamics in the optimization scheme for drug rates during anesthesia [58].…”

“…Finally, the attention towards nociception monitoring has been intensively powered by the paradigm shift towards (semi)-automated management of anesthesia delivery [21]. Because no reliable measure of analgesia was clinically accepted yet, multiple-inputs single-output (MISO) control of both propofol and remifentanil were employed [22,23]. Nevertheless, the approach needs to change towards the multiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) strategies, because clinical anesthesia is a MIMO problem.…”

Experimental Results of an MPC Strategy for Total Intravenous Anesthesia

“…In this context, the devised control strategies can be mainly divided into two categories: those based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers and those based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms. Regarding PIDbased controllers, different tuning methodologies have been devised [6]- [8] and experimental results have proven the ef-fectiveness of such a kind of approach in the clinical practice [9]- [11]. However, despite the clear advantage of their simplicity, PID controllers have the drawback of being inherently unable to explicitly handle constraints and to optimize the performance.…”

Model predictive control using MISO approach for drug co-administration in anesthesia

“…Control architectures for the MISO case in anaesthesia process have been analyzed in several works over the last few years [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The effectiveness of classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control techniques has been shown in [27,29,30].…”

“…Control architectures for the MISO case in anaesthesia process have been analyzed in several works over the last few years [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The effectiveness of classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control techniques has been shown in [27,29,30]. Then, sustainability and safety aspects for feedback control have been analyzed in [26,32], where it has been demonstrated that there are clear advantages in the application of automatic controllers.…”