Performance evaluation of the “large SMADES” autonomous desalination solar-driven membrane distillation plant in Aqaba, Jordan

Performance evaluation of the DCMD desalination process under bench scale and large scale module operating conditions

“…Such feeds might not provide an accurate indication of the capability of the commercial membranes to desalinate seawater. However there are few reported works using real seawater as feed for MD [38][39][40][41], but the obtained flux performances were very low compared to synthetic seawater.…”

Scaling and fouling in membrane distillation for desalination applications: A review

“…cracks) within the membrane structure [24]. In most cases, the damage was associated with a deterioration of the distillate quality (lower salt rejection) [22,23,35,57,77]. The most frequently reported membrane damage when scaling occurs during MD is the formation of a scale layer on the membrane's top surface in contact with the feed (Figure 6).…”

“…Indeed, for years it was widely accepted that MD has this described ability to withstand dryout from intermittent operation. In fact, this is how most solar-powered MD plants operated, intermittently (shutting down overnight) and allowing the membranes to fall dry for hours every day [21,22,23,24]. Intermittent operation can also result from unstable solar conditions or an uneven distribution of flux [24].…”

Water Desalination by Membrane Distillation

“…In the case of solutions of non-volatile substances only water vapour is transported through the membrane. Thus, MD process has a potential application for the water desalination and the treatment of wastewater (Banat et al, 2007;El-Bourawi et al, 2006;Wang, et al, 2008). The MD has a significantly lower requirements concerning pretreatment of feed water, therefore, it enables the production of pure water from water sources, the quality of which impedes a direct application of the RO for this purpose.…”