Performance Mapping toward Optimal Addition Levels and Processing Conditions for Different Types of Hydrocarbon Waxes Typically Used as External Lubricants in Sn-Stabilized PVC Pipe Formulations

Abstract

The mechanism of performance of hydrocarbon waxes used as external lubricants in typical PVC pipe formulations is not completely understood or defined. This study will benefit pipe manufacturers to tailor PVC processing conditions and wax addition levels to enhance the value of waxes with different molecular architectures in Sn-stabilized PVC formulations. A selection of waxes was comprehensively analyzed to understand how their structural and morphological differences impact the fusion behavior of a Sn-stabilized PVC compound. Results showed a high probability of fusion for waxes with melting points between 65 and 80 °C and a kinematic viscosity (at 135 °C) of less than 5 cSt across all experimental temperatures and concentration levels tested. The general probability of fusion increased with increasing temperature and decreasing wax concentration. Wax compositional differences only had a large impact on PVC fusion at lower experimental temperatures and high wax concentrations. The stable time and onset of degradation were found to be sensitive to experimental temperature but less so to wax concentration. High melting waxes had the lowest fusion torque but a narrow operating window in terms of concentration and temperature for a successful fusion to occur. Overall, fully refined paraffin waxes had the widest operating window and were less sensitive to a change in the wax concentration and experimental temperature than the rest of the waxes that were tested.

Epoxidized esters of succinic acid, oleic acid and propylene glycol as an effective bioplasticizer for PVC: A study of processing conditions on the physico‐chemical properties

“…The times shown in Table 1 for each temperature are the so-called fusion/gelation times. They are the optimized times for each set temperature and were determined based on the method offered by HAAKE™ Poly-Lab™ QC and described in more detail by Bekker et al 43 F I G U R E 2 Graphical scheme of the bioplasticizer synthesis. or Jubsilp et al 44 In short, this method is based on analyzing the torque-time dependence and it allows to determine the time at which the sample is gelatinized, and the process can be considered complete.…”

Purification and characterisation of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oil fractionated by vacuum distillation

“…olefins produce paraffines that are used as precursors to produce oil field chemicals, solvents and additives (Oxo Chemicals, 2021;Sharma and Jasra, 2015;ExxonMobil, 2023;Zhao et al, 2020). The heavy fraction (>C21) can be valorised as wax in candles making and PVC pipes formulation) (Euroceras, 2023;Bekker et al, 2022). (Bruice, 2014;James, 2023).…”

In‐depth rheological study of acrylic processing aids in rigid polyvinyl chloride applications

“…Also, probability of fusion is higher for lubricating waxes with melting point between 65 and 80°C and kinematic viscosity at 135°C less than 5 cST. [ 15 ] Type of stabilizers affects fusion; organic based stabilizers yield low fusion speed and take longer time to fuse compared to lead and calcium zinc stabilizer. [ 16 ] Reinforcing agents such as halloysite–lignin decreases fusion time by ~3 min compared to unfilled formulation.…”