Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows

Kamalisarvestani, M.; Saidur, R.; Mekhilef, Saad; Javadi, F.S.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.038

Cited by 324 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…Furthermore, we also discuss the influence of these IR managing windows on temperature control and energy savings in the built environment. Inorganicbased window solutions, including metallic based reflective layers, [28][29][30][31] photochromic, [3,32,33] electrochromic, [3,8,[34][35][36][37][38][39] and thermochromic [3,[40][41][42][43] systems, plasmonic nanoparticles, [36,[44][45][46] aerogel glazing, [47] privacy windows, [48] thin film photovoltaics, [49] and even microfluidic [50] based windows have not been discussed in this review, as they have already received considerable attention and discussion. Additionally, organic based window devices and materials primarily intended to absorb and control visible light passage, including electro-, [51][52][53] photo-, and thermochromic [3] windows, are also beyond the scope of this review of infrared control materials: they have already been detailed in a number of excellent review articles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Khandelwal

Schenning

Debije

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

333

220

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(IR), here defined as light with wavelengths between 700 nm and 2500 nm, accounts for around 50% of the total energy emitted by the sun reaching Earth (Figure 1b), [3,4] and this light produces interior heating but is invisible to the unaided eye.The absorption of sunlight by building materials and passage of IR through transparent surfaces such as windows is responsible for much of the interior overheating of office rooms, automobile interiors, greenhouses, and other similar spaces. The use of artificial cooling and heating systems will only increase with the continued influence of global climate change, with energy used for cooling systems surpassing energy used for heating around the year 2070, and a 40 fold increase in air cooling energy use is expected by 2100. [5] By controlling the influx of radiant heat transfer, calculations show that more than 50% of the energy used in lighting, heating and cooling could be saved by deploying better control systems over only 18% of available window stock. [6] In areas with human inhabitants employing windows, more aspects must be considered than simply reducing the use of energy in the room: any switchable window used in, for example, a commercial office space has several other requirements that must be met before it may be installed. Among these requirement are reasonably fast switching speeds [7] (although for IR control, relatively longer times compared to visible light switching should be acceptable), good optical transparency with minimum haze, an acceptable device lifetime, [8] and functionality over a range of exterior temperatures. Controlling the excess of solar energy without compromising the visible transparency of the window is an important consideration for human health: maintaining inside/outside contact and daylighting are vital in retaining well-being and productivity, as well as providing economic and aesthetic gain by reducing the need for artificial lighting systems. [9,10] These are challenging goals for a window to realize.A number of materials have been developed over the past few decades to maintain indoor temperatures. Many of these focus on the opaque structural building elements like walls and roofing. [10][11][12][13] Other solutions target the transparent window, employing external mechanical shutters and blinds, [14] phase change materials (PCMs), [15] thermochromic materials, [16] aerogels, [17] trapped gas in fluid membranes, [18] and even phononic materials, [19] among other options. Indeed, controlling heat passage through the window in response to changing climate conditions is a great challenge; ideally, one would accomplish Windows are vital elements in the built environment that have a large impact on the energy consumption in indoor spaces, affecting heating and cooling and artificial lighting requirements. Moreover, they play an important role in sustaining human health and well-being. In this review, we discuss the next generation of smart windows based on organic materials which can change their properties by reflecting or trans...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Khandelwal

Schenning

Debije

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

333

220

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“…The CeO 2 was employed as an antireflection layer of the VO 2 film. Kamalisarvestani et al [16] studied the spectral selective properties of thermochromic windows and the effect of doping of VO 2 coatings with different dopants.VO 2 could be the most promising thermochromic material, but its drawback is the preparation cost and the stability. Batista et al [17] concluded that tungsten was the most effective dopant on the reduction of the semiconductor-metal transition temperature of VO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Spectrally Selective Window for Hot Climates

Sid-Ahmed¹,

Bilal²,

Babiker³

2017

JECTC

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Rigorous coupled-wave analysis has been used to design a glazing for hot climates. The designed glazing is relatively simple and it transmits most of the visible light and reflects most of the infrared radiation. It does not need any external source of energy to control its optical properties. It consists of ITO and four periodic pairs of Si/SiO 2 , deposited on a glass sheet. The optimum thicknesses of ITO, Si and SiO 2 are 0.1 μm, 0.15 and 0.4 μm, respectively. The glazing acts as an optically selective filter. It transmits about 80% of the visible light and reflects almost all the infrared radiation. The performance of the glazing is almost independent of the angle of incidence of solar radiation. This makes it suitable for all hours of the day. The fabrication of the glazing and the testing have been performed at the laboratories of the Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa. Magnetron sputtering technique has been used for the fabrication. ITO, Si and SiO 2 have been used as sputtering targets. The experimental results are almost identical to the simulation results.

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“…[1][2][3][4] Therefore the need to reduce energy consumption or switch to sustainable energy sources have never been greater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[19][20][21] The paucity of low molecular weight, volatile precursors containing vanadium(IV) has led to the use of airsensitive VCl 4 22,23 and stable VO(acac) 2 24 precursors. It is also noteworthy that VO 2 (M) thin films have been deposited using VOCl 3 , a vanadium(V) source. 23,25,26 Thin films of VO 2 (M) have been deposited using both atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) [27][28][29][30] and aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) methods, 11,31,32 both of which are highly effective methods…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

[{VOCl₂(CH₂(COOEt)₂)}₄] as a molecular precursor for thermochromic monoclinic VO₂ thin films and nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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The synthesis of thermochromic monoclinic vanadium(IV) oxide (VO 2 (M)) thin films and vanadium oxide nanocrystals from a molecular precursor, [{VOCl 2 (CH 2 (COOEt) 2 )} 4 ] is described. Thin films were synthesised using aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) onto glass substrates at high temperatures and were subsequently characterised and tested for thermochromic efficiency. The film's suitability as smart, energy efficient window coatings was investigated by calculating their solar modulation potential. Thin films were also doped with tungsten to lower their metal to semiconductor transition temperature (MST) through the addition of tungsten(VI) phenoxide during the AACVD process, lowering the MST from a typical B70 1C for an undoped VO 2 (M) thin film to B50 1C for a typical W-doped example. The optimum deposition temperature of 550 1C produced films with thermochromic properties (solar modulation of 15.9%) comparable to the highest values reported. In addition, vanadium oxide nanostructures were synthesised using the thermal decomposition of [{VOCl 2 (CH 2 (COOEt) 2 )} 4 ] and their shape controllably tailored by varying surfactant concentration and type. Thin films and nanostructures were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Thermochromic measurements were measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy with a variable temperature stage.

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Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows

Cited by 324 publications

References 145 publications

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

A Spectrally Selective Window for Hot Climates

[{VOCl₂(CH₂(COOEt)₂)}₄] as a molecular precursor for thermochromic monoclinic VO₂ thin films and nanoparticles

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Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows

Cited by 324 publications

References 145 publications

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

A Spectrally Selective Window for Hot Climates

[{VOCl2(CH2(COOEt)2)}4] as a molecular precursor for thermochromic monoclinic VO2 thin films and nanoparticles

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[{VOCl₂(CH₂(COOEt)₂)}₄] as a molecular precursor for thermochromic monoclinic VO₂ thin films and nanoparticles