Performance Measurements of the SAFIR Prototype Detector With the STiC ASIC Readout

Ahnen, M. L.; Becker, R. H.; Buck, Alfred; Casella, C.; Commichau, V.; Calafiori, D. di; Dissertori, G.; Eleftheriou, Afroditi; Fischer, Jannis; Howard, A.; Ito, Mikiko; Khateri, Parisa; Kim, Ji-Soo; Lustermann, W.; Ritzer, Christian; Röser, U.; Rudin, Markus; Solevi, P.; Tsoumpas, Charalampos; Warnock, Geoffrey; Weber, Bruno; Wyss, Matthias T.; Zagozdzinska-Bochenek, Agnieszka

doi:10.1109/trpms.2018.2797484

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We use NEMA mouse and rat scatter phantoms to measure count rate performance and scatter fraction. We use an 18 F labeled radiotracer as the radioactive source. The start and end activities are 537 MBq and 0.22 MBq for the mouse phantom, and 624 MBq and 1 MBq for the rat phantom, respectively.…”

Section: Count Rate Performance and Scatter Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since these requirements cannot be fulfilled by any other preclinical PET scanners [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], we have designed the Small Animal Fast Insert for mRi (SAFIR) system. The prototype version of SAFIR has been built and initially characterized, showing an excellent time resolution of 194 ps and an energy resolution of 13.8% [17][18][19]. In this study, we evaluate the SAFIR prototype performance according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NU 4-2008 standard [20] which we refer to as NEMA in the rest of this paper.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Performance Characterization of the SAFIR Prototype PET Insert

Khateri

Lustermann

Ritzer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The SAFIR prototype insert is a preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner built to acquire dynamic images simultaneously with a 7 T Bruker Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner. The insert is designed to perform with an excellent coincidence resolving time of 194 ps Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) and an energy resolution of 13.8 FWHM. These properties enable it to acquire precise quantitative images at activities as high as 500 MBq suitable for studying fast biological processes within short time frames (<5 s). In this study, the performance of the SAFIR prototype insert is evaluated according to the NEMA NU 4-2008 standard while the insert is inside the MRI without acquiring MRI data. Results: Applying an energy window of 391-601 keV and a coincidence time window of 500 ps the following results are achieved. The average spatial resolution at 5 mm radial offset is 2.6 mm FWHM when using the Filtered Backprojection 3D Reprojection (FBP3DRP) reconstruction method, improving to 2.3 mm when using the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) method. The peak sensitivity at the center of the scanner is 1.06%. The Noise Equivalent Count Rate (NECR) is 799 kcps at the highest measured activity of 537 MBq for the mouse phantom and 121 kcps at the highest measured activity of 624 MBq for the rat phantom. The NECR peak is not yet reached for any of the measurements. The scatter fractions are 10.9% and 17.8% for the mouse and rat phantoms, respectively. The uniform region of the image quality phantom has a 3.0% STD, with a 4.6% deviation from the expected number of counts per voxel. The spill-over ratios for the water and air chambers are 0.18 and 0.17, respectively. Conclusions: The results satisfy all the requirements initially considered for the insert, proving that the SAFIR prototype insert can obtain dynamic images of small rodents at high activities (~500 MBq) with a high sensitivity and an excellent count-rate performance.

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Section: Count Rate Performance and Scatter Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Performance Characterization of the SAFIR Prototype PET Insert

Khateri

Lustermann

Ritzer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) have been developed and adopted in various PET/MRI scanners [30][31][32][33] to address the space and power constraints [34][35][36][37]. However, ASICs require dedicated FPGA-based DAQ systems to collect PET data and control the operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method

Won

Park

Lee

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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In this study, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) insert for simultaneous brain imaging within 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanners. The PET insert has 18 sectors, and each sector is assembled with two-layer depth-of-interaction (DOI)-capable high-resolution block detectors. The PET scanner features a 16.7-cm-long axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide entire human brain images without bed movement. The PET scanner early digitizes a large number of block detector signals at a front-end data acquisition (DAQ) board using a novel field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-only signal digitization method. All the digitized PET data from the front-end DAQ boards are transferred using gigabit transceivers via non-magnetic high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) cables. A back-end DAQ system provides a common clock and synchronization signal for FPGAs over the HDMI cables. An active cooling system using copper heat pipes is applied for thermal regulation. All the 2.17-mm-pitch crystals with two-layer DOI information were clearly identified in the block detectors, exhibiting a system-level energy resolution of 12.6%. The PET scanner yielded clear hot-rod and Hoffman brain phantom images and demonstrated 3D PET imaging capability without bed movement. We also performed a pilot simultaneous PET/MR imaging study of a brain phantom. The PET scanner achieved a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm at the center FOV (NU 4) and a sensitivity of 18.9 kcps/MBq (NU 2) and 6.19% (NU 4) in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards.

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“…PET-MRI scanners are beneficial in many medical disciplines such as oncology, cardiology, pediatrics, neurology etc. as they provide both functional and anatomical information, with high spatial resolution and very good soft-tissue contrast while performing simultaneous acquisitions [3]. Integrating PET-MRI comes with many challenges that have to be addressed, such as combining two detector technologies without affecting the performance of each other [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blumino: The First Fully Integrated Analog SiPM With On-Chip Time Conversion

Muntean

Venialgo

Ardelean

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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Blumino is the first analog silicon photomultiplier with integrated amplifier, comparator and time-to-digital converter. The combination of a photodetector together with onchip readout circuitry enables system-level advantages such as internal parasitic reduction, compactness and simplicity. The analog silicon photomultiplier has a third output, called fast terminal, in addition to the anode and cathode, which is used for timing measurements. The analog silicon photomultiplier presents excellent photon detection efficiency greater than 40% at 420nm, making it suitable for positron-emission tomography. Measurement results of the time-to-digital converter indicate a resolution of 128ps LSB with a differential non-linearity and integral non-linearity of -1/+5LSB and -2.4/+0.9LSB, respectively.The discriminator comprises two preamplifier stages followed by a complementary self-biased differential amplifier stage which is coupled to the analog silicon photomultiplier's fast terminal through a decoupling capacitor. The sensor is also fully backwardcompatible through the standard output which can be coupled to dedicated ASICs and standard readout integrated circuits. In addition to the electrical, radiation and optical performance, the integration of a custom CMOS analog silicon photomultiplier process with standard CMOS process was investigated.

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Performance Measurements of the SAFIR Prototype Detector With the STiC ASIC Readout

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Performance Characterization of the SAFIR Prototype PET Insert

Performance Characterization of the SAFIR Prototype PET Insert

Development and Initial Results of a Brain PET Insert for Simultaneous 7-Tesla PET/MRI Using an FPGA-Only Signal Digitization Method

Blumino: The First Fully Integrated Analog SiPM With On-Chip Time Conversion

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