Performance of a shower maximum detector with avalanche photodiode readout

Itoh, Susumu; Takeshita, T.; Fujii, Y.; Kajino, F.; Kanzaki, J.; Kawagoe, K.; Kim, S.; Matsunaga, H.; Matsubara, Hiroaki; Nagano, A.; Nakamura, R.; Ono, H.; Sanchez, Allister Levi

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.02.072

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The installation will start in January 2009 and data-taking is foreseen in the same year. A similar concept with plastic scintillator, wavelength shifting fibers and G-APD readout is planned for the ILC and large-scale prototypes have been realized and tested [104][105][106].…”

Section: Choice Of Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in solid state photon detectors

2009

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Semiconductor photodiodes were developed in the early `Forties approximately at the time when the photomultiplier tube became a commercial product (RCA 1939). Only in recent years, with the invention of the Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, have the semiconductor photo detectors reached sensitivity comparable to that of photomultiplier tubes. The evolution started in the `Sixties with the p-i-n (PIN) photodiode, a very successful device, which is still used in many detectors for high energy physics and a large number of other applications like radiation detection and medical imaging. The next step was the development of the avalanche photodiode (APD) leading to a substantial reduction of noise but not yet achieving single photon response. The weakest light flashes that can be detected by the PIN diode need to contain several hundreds of photons. An improvement of the sensitivity by 2 orders of magnitude was achieved by the development of the avalanche photodiode, a device with internal gain. At the end of the millennium, the semiconductor detectors evolved with the Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode into highly sensitive devices, which have an internal gain comparable to the gain of photomultiplier tubes and a response to single photons. A review of the semiconductor photo detector design and development, the properties and problems, some applications and a speculative outlook on the future evolution will be presented.

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Section: Choice Of Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in solid state photon detectors

2009

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“…At present this type of detector is often referred to as shower maximum detector. Since 1970 a number of studies (see, for example, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]) were performed to investigate shower maximum detectors characteristics like energy and space resolutions and e/hadron and γ/π 0 separations which strongly depend on N max fluctuations and space and energy distributions of the charged shower particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detectors consisting of a lead converter and a position sensitive detector behind it are widely used in HEP experiments for e,γ/hadron and γ/π 0 separations and for e, γ coordinate and energy measurements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. They are often called preshower or shower maximum detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributions of the charged particles in the electromagnetic showers initiated by 5-1000 GeV electrons in Fe, W and Pb

Denisov

Goryachev

2019

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Distributions of the charged particles multiplicities in the electromagnetic showers initiated by 10 to 1000 GeV electrons in lead are calculated using GEANT4. It is shown that they are well fitted by the inverse sum of two exponents. The evolution of the multiplicity distribution shapes as a function of the lead depth is discussed. An estimate of the energy resolution of a simple e,γ detector consisting of a high Z convertor and a counter of the shower electrons and positrons is presented. IntroductionDetectors consisting of a lead converter and a position sensitive detector behind it are widely used in HEP experiments for e,γ/hadron and γ/π 0 separations and for e, γ coordinate and energy measurements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. They are often called preshower or shower maximum detectors. Their characteristics depend on the fluctuations of the charge particle flux in electromagnetic (EM) showers initiated in the converter by the primary e,γ. In our previous studies [14] it is shown that multiplicity distributions at the converter depth of t max , corresponding to the maximum of the charged particles flux in the EM showers, are asymmetric and have long tails at the low multiplicities due to late developments of some showers. They are well described by the inverse sum of two exponents:

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“…Detectors consisting of a high Z converter and a hodoscope type particle detector behind it are often used in HEP experiments for e,γ /hadron and γ/π 0 separations and for e,γ coordinate and energy measurements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The most popular converter materials are Pb and W, while Fe or Cu are used less frequently.…”

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confidence: 99%