“…This situation might indicate the formation of a micro-aerobic zone due to the release of oxygen near the vegetation roots, and the higher redox potential may suppress microbial-assisted sulfate reduction in PCW (Aguinaga et al, 2019) . The alkali formation process is directly related to sulfate reduction and the production of bicarbonate (El Qada et al, 2006;Foo and Hameed, 2011;Ji et al, 2009;Kadirvelu et al, 2004;Mariana et al, 2021) Zeolites Crystalline aluminosilicates with uniform pore structures, suitable for adsorbing heavy metals in AMD (Erdem et al, 2004;Hong et al, 2019;Motsi et al, 2009;Rios et al, 2008;Wingenfelder et al, 2005) Biochar Carbon-rich material produced from biomass pyrolysis, known for its adsorption properties and potential for contaminant removal (Chen et al, 2021b;Deepa et al, 2019;Fazal et al, 2020;Lyu et al, 2020;Wibowo et al, 2023b) Clay Minerals…”