Performance of conventional and alternative cropping systems in cryoboreal subhumid central Alberta

Izaurralde, R. C.; Juma, N. G.; McGill, W. B.; Chanasyk, D. S.; Pawluk, S.; Dudas, M. J.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600073561

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In Saskatchewan, Canada, where sampling was done to depths of 60 cm (23.6 in), Campbell et al (1977) reported values of 0.14 for SW, and Gan et al (2009) reported values of 0.24 for canola and 0.16 for wheat. In central Alberta, Canada, Izaurralde et al (1993) reported ratios of 0.12 for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sampled to a depth of 40 cm (15.7 in), similar to the values we report for SW. Our values for small grain, oil seed, or pulse crops are all considerably smaller than those of Buyanovsky and Wagner (1986) who reported a root:shoot ratio of 0.88 for WW in Missouri in a 50 cm (19.7 in) soil depth, with 75% of the mass within 10 cm (3.9 in) of the soil surface. Wheat root:shoot ratios as low as 0.1 in the surface 10 cm (3.9 in) have been reported under conditions of adequate soil water and Table 5 Phenologic development of root and crown mass for cereal grains and belowground stem and root mass for the 0 to 10 cm soil depth for all crops in 1993 and 1994 near Pendleton, Oregon.…”

Section: Experiments Namesupporting

confidence: 87%

Root:shoot ratios and belowground biomass distribution for Pacific Northwest dryland crops

Williams¹,

McCool²,

Reardon³

et al. 2013

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Roots, cereal crowns, and stems growing beneath the soil surface provide important resistance to soil erosion. Understanding the amount and distribution of this material in the soil profile could provide insight into resistance to soil erosion by water and improve the performance of soil erosion models, such as the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and the water erosion prediction project (WEPP). Erosion models use built-in or external crop growth models to populate crop yield and live aboveground and associated belowground biomass databases. We examined two data sets from the dryland small grain production region in the Pacific Northwest of the United States to determine root:shoot ratios, the vertical distribution of root and attached belowground biomass, and incorporated residue from previously grown crops. Data were collected in 1993Data were collected in , 1994Data were collected in , 1995, and 2000 from short-term no-till and conventional tillage experiments conducted near Pendleton, Oregon, and Pullman, Washington, and in 1999 and 2000 from long-term experiments representative of farming practices near Pendleton, Oregon. The crops sampled in the short-term data set included soft white winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; WW and SW, respectively), spring peas (Pisum sativum L.; SP), and winter canola (Brassica napus L.; WC). Crops sampled in the long-term study included WW, SW, and SP. Data were collected at harvest in both data sets and during three phenologic stages in each of the crops in the short-term data set. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 60 cm (23.6 in) in the short-term and 30 cm (11.9 in) in the long-term experiments. In both sets of measurements, we found greater than 70% of root mass is in the top 10 cm (3.9 in) of the soil profile with the exception of SP, which had 70% of root mass in the top 15 cm (5.9 in) of the soil profile. WC produced significantly more biomass near the soil surface than WW, SW, or SP. Root-to-shoot biomass ratios in mature wheat ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 in the top 30 cm (11.9 in) of the soil profile, substantially lower than values suggested for use in WEPP (0.25). In the long-term experiments, soil of the conventionally tilled continuous winter wheat (CWW) plots contained significantly greater biomass than soil of conventionally tilled winter wheat/fallow (CR) and no-till winter wheat/fallow (NT) treatments. There was no significant difference between CWW and conventionally tilled winter wheat/spring pea (WP); however, CWW returned more residue to the soil than WP because SP produced less residue and these residues were incorporated with a field cultivator rather than a moldboard plow. More accurate representation of root development, particularly in winter crops, could improve RUSLE and WEPP performance in the Pacific Northwest where winter conditions have proven difficult to model. Key words: canola-incorporated residue-peas-root mass-root-shoot ratio-wheatA Mediterranean climate of wet, cool winters and dry, hot summers h...

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Section: Experiments Namesupporting

confidence: 87%

Root:shoot ratios and belowground biomass distribution for Pacific Northwest dryland crops

Williams¹,

McCool²,

Reardon³

et al. 2013

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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“…Moreover, the lowest S:R ratios measured in the present study was found for oat and not for barley as noted by Bolinder et al (1997). On a Gray Luvisol of Central Alberta, Canada, Izaurralde et al (1993) reported a S:R ratio of 4.0 (roots samples to 40-cm depth) for barley. In Sweden, Paustian et al (1990) estimated the S:R ratio for fertilized and unfertilized barley at peak standing crop to be 3.8 and 5.9, respectively, and in the United Kingdom the S:R ratio for fertilized and unfertilized oat was determined to be 4.4 and 7.7, respectively (Welbank et al 1974).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Shoot-to-root ratios and root biomass of cool-season feed crops in a boreal Podzolic soil in Newfoundland

Kwabiah¹,

Spaner²,

Todd³

2005

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. 2005. Shoot-to-root ratios and root biomass of cool-season feed crops in a boreal Podzolic soil in Newfoundland. Can. J. Soil Sci. 85: 369-376. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) crops are grown as feed grains by Newfoundland (NL) dairy farmers. The cereals are either grown as monoculture or intercropped with field pea (Pisum sativum L.) with or without N fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in both 2000 and 2001 to evaluate the shoot-to-root (S:R) weight ratios and root biomass in these production systems. Experiment 1 involved monocultures of pea sown at 150 kg ha -1 , and barley and oat each sown at 170 kg ha -1 . For pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops, pea was sown at 150 kg ha -1 and each cereal component was sown at either 85 and 170 kg ha -1 . The seven treatments were referred to, respectively, as pea 150 150 -oat 170 , indicating that the cereal component of the intercrops contributed more to the root biomass than the pea at the higher seeding rate of the cereal crop. In exp. 2, the 0 kg N ha -1 rate produced the lowest S:R ratios irrespective of the barley seeding rate. When N was applied, both the shoot biomass and root biomass appeared to be increased at the high barley seeding rate. The feed grain production practice in Newfoundland could affect root biomass production in soil. High cereal seeding rates in either monoculture and intercrop systems are required to maximize root biomass production and therefore increase C inputs into the soil . . La culture intercalaire du pois avec les céréales augmente la biomasse des racines de la combinaison pois 150 -orge 85 de 31 % et celle de la combinaison pois 150 -avoine 85 de 48 %, comparativement à celle du pois 150 . Elle s'accroît cependant de 109 % pour la combinaison pois 150 -orge 170 et de 104 % pour pois 150 -avoine 170 , signe que la céréale contribue plus à la production de racines que le pois à la densité de semis plus élevée de la céréale. Dans la deuxième expérience, le taux d'application de 0 kg de N par hectare a donné le plus faible ratio S:R, peu importe la densité de semis de l'orge. L'amendement N semble augmenter la biomasse des pousses et des racines à la plus haute densité de semis de l'orge. La culture de céréales fourragères à Terre-Neuve pourrait modifier la biomasse des racines dans le sol. Une densité de semis élevée pour les céréales cultivées seules ou avec une autre culture maximiserait la production de la biomasse des racines, donc l'apport de C dans le sol.

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“…In research conducted in north-central Alberta, berseem out-performed six other clovers in yield and ability to compete with weeds (Ross et al 2001). Increasing the use of annual legumes in cereal cropping systems, as monocrops or intercrops, could improve sustainability through biological nitrogen fixation, reduction in weed competition and increased input to soil organic matter (Izaurralde et al 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Seeding rate effects in oat-berseem clover intercrops

Ross¹,

King²,

O’Donovan³

et al. 2003

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Ross, S. M., King, J. R., O'Donovan, J. T. and Izaurralde, R. C. 2003. Seeding rate effects in oat-berseem clover intercrops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83: 769-778. The sustainability of cereal cropping systems may be improved by the addition of legumes. The effects of seeding rate were studied for intercrops of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Bigbee berseem clover, an annual forage legume, was intercropped with oats on a Black Chernozemic soil at Edmonton, Alberta, in 1996 and 1997. Berseem dry matter (DM) yields were greatly reduced by increasing oat plant density. There was a linear decline in berseem DM with increasing oat DM or oat tiller density. The relationship between oat plant density and berseem DM was nonlinear and varied between years and harvests. Berseem yield reductions varied from 44 to 82% with target densities of 100 oat plants m -2 . Effects of berseem seeding rate (BSR) on oats varied between years. Increasing BSR from 6 to 24 kg ha -1 decreased oat tillering, oat DM and oat plant DM by 22-51, 0-57 and 8-51%, respectively, and increased oat tiller DM by 0-18%, with oats at 10 to 20 plants m -2 . Differences between years were likely due to environmental factors and relative emergence times. After a silage-stage harvest, oat regrowth was negligible but berseem regrowth averaged 3.1 Mg ha -1 DM. . Pour cela, ils ont semé du trèfle d'Alexandrie Bigbee, légumineuse fourragère annuelle, avec de l'avoine sur un tchernoziom noir à Edmonton (Alberta) en 1996 et 1997. Le rendement en matière sèche du trèfle diminue considérablement quand on accroît la densité de peuplement de l'avoine. La teneur en matière sèche du trèfle diminue de façon linéaire avec la hausse de la teneur en matière sèche de l'avoine ou la densité des talles. Le lien entre la densité des peuplements d'avoine et la quantité de matière sèche du trèfle n'est toutefois pas linéaire et varie d'une année et d'une récolte à l'autre. La baisse de rendement du trèfle varie de 44 % à 82 % à une densité de 100 plants d'avoine par mètre carré. L'incidence du taux de semis du trèfle sur l'avoine varie d'une année à l'autre. Quand il passe de 6 à 24 kg par hectare, le tallage de l'avoine, sa teneur en matière sèche et la concentration de matière sèche du plant diminuent respectivement de 22 à 51 %, de 0 à 57 % et de 8 à 51 % alors que la teneur en matière sèche des talles progresse de 0 à 18 % à la densité de 10 à 20 plants d'avoine par mètre carré. Les variations annuelles dérivent sans doute de facteurs environnementaux et du temps relatif nécessaire à la levée. Après une récolte pour l'ensilage, l'avoine repousse peu, mais le trèfle d'Alexandrie donne en moyenne 3,1 Mg de matière sèche par hectare.

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Performance of conventional and alternative cropping systems in cryoboreal subhumid central Alberta

Cited by 32 publications

References 10 publications

Root:shoot ratios and belowground biomass distribution for Pacific Northwest dryland crops

Root:shoot ratios and belowground biomass distribution for Pacific Northwest dryland crops

Shoot-to-root ratios and root biomass of cool-season feed crops in a boreal Podzolic soil in Newfoundland

Seeding rate effects in oat-berseem clover intercrops

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