Performance of hybrid automated systems—a social cybernetic analysis

Smith, Thomas J.; Henning, Robert A.; Smith, Kenneth M.

doi:10.1002/hfm.4530050104

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The study of interpersonal and group reciprocal sensory feedback and sensory feedback control relationships represents the focus of social cybernetics, directed towards delineating the closed-loop, behavioral-physiological manifestations and properties of social-behavioral interaction (Smith, 1972;Smith, Henning, & Smith, 1994, 1995Smith & Smith, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Social-Psychophysiological Compliance as a Predictor of Future Team Performance

Henning¹,

Korbelak²

2005

An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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Social psychophysiological compliance (SPC) was tested as a predictor of future team performance of two-person teams performing a self-paced projective tracking task under laboratory conditions. Undergraduate students (N=16 teams, aged 17 to 23 yrs) worked in parallel using separate X-Y joysticks to guide a virtual object through a complex path. One team member controlled the horizontal position of the object while the other controlled vertical. Unexpected changes in task control dynamics occurred at a randomly-selected point in the path: either horizontal and vertical (HV) control were swapped between team members, directional control was reversed, or both HV swap plus directional reversal occurred. Higher cardiac SPC (cross correlation, lag=0) scores predicted lower tracking error from path centerline (p<.01) but did not predict collision severity between object and path wall. The results indicate that SPC has some potential for assessing a team's readiness to handle unexpected task demands in the immediate future.Key words: social psychophysiological compliance, teamwork, cybernetics Psychophysiological techniques can be used for objective and continuous monitoring of the human response to computer-mediated tasks but most studies employing these techniques have focused on individuals rather than teams. Furthermore, the reported empirical relationships are largely based on correlations between psychophysiological changes and performance measures collected over the same time period. The present study represents an attempt to develop a new approach, moving from individual to social psychophysiology, and from examining simultaneous events to testing if changes in social psychophysiology can be used to predict team performance in the immediate future. This research is guided by the behavioral cybernetic model developed by K.U. Smith and associates (Smith & Smith, 1987) which assumes that: (1) human behavior is controlled as a closed-loop or cybernetic process; (2) closed-loop behavioral links are established between sensory feedback from design factors in the performance environment; and (3) that sensory feedback control is mediated by motor behavior. This theoretical perspective differs from most present-day cognitive models that classify motor behavior as an output or end product of mental processes, that has no significant role in either controlling or organizing subsequent behavior.Looking beyond the obvious role of motor behavior in feedback control of the environment, K.U. Smith's cybernetic theory highlighted the many roles of motor activity in behavior organization such as dynamic and continuous control of posture, fine

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confidence: 99%

Social-Psychophysiological Compliance as a Predictor of Future Team Performance

Henning¹,

Korbelak²

2005

An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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“…Unlike earlier innovations in telecommunications technology, such as the telephone and interactive television (T.J. Smith et al, 2001), computermediated social interaction enables mutual interactions among remote social participants across multiple sensory feedback modalities (Fig. 1; T.J. Smith et al, 1995). As also noted above, this capability enables coordinate social behavior among remote participants during learning activities in a manner unparalleled in prior human history or prehistory.…”

Section: Use Of Computers To Support Social Interaction During E-lear...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Learning is Compromised during Remote Instruction --- A Social Cybernetic Analysis

Smith

2022

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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The COVID-19 pandemic has cast into stark relief challenges to student learning during remote relative to in-person school classroom instruction. These effects can be understood from a social cybernetic perspective --- there are design limitations inherent to E-learning environments that compromise social cooperation essential to the learning process. Social cybernetics offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the patterns of social cooperation inherent to student, instructor and classmate interactions with each other, and with educational institutions, in both physical and virtual learning environments.

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“…The delays in visual tracking that were present for pilots in WWII aircraft caused significant decreases in accuracy (Lincoln & Smith, 1952). With regards to teamwork, a feedback delay of just 0.2 seconds caused tracking accuracy decreases of 50% (Kao & Smith, 1977;Smith, Henning, and Smith, 1995), with indications that team members were less successful at tracking and anticipating the actions of their partner. Feedback control delays of 0.5 s resulted in a 40% increase in task completion times and a 1100% increase in collisions for a self-paced team task involving joint control of a simulated inertial mass (Smith, Henning & Li;1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Long Audio Communication Delays on Team Performance

Armstead

Henning

2007

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Mediated communication in sociotechnical systems is quite common but the effects of long audio delays remain unexplored. In the current study, two-person teams (N=67) completed a modified NASA Multi-Attribute Task Battery with closed-loop audio communication delays 0 to 16 seconds in length. In addition to a joint fuel management task, each team member had simultaneous responsibility for either a compensatory tracking or a system monitoring task. As communication delay increased, performance on the joint task degraded in a cubic fashion while individual tasks were unaffected. These results imply that audio communication delay degrades team performance in a non-linear fashion while simultaneous tasks not requiring communication are unaffected. Implications for the design of sociotechnical systems with long audio communication delays are discussed.

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Performance of hybrid automated systems—a social cybernetic analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Social-Psychophysiological Compliance as a Predictor of Future Team Performance

Social-Psychophysiological Compliance as a Predictor of Future Team Performance

Learning is Compromised during Remote Instruction --- A Social Cybernetic Analysis

Effects of Long Audio Communication Delays on Team Performance

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