Chemical looping
(CL) has emerged as a promising approach in the
oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of light alkanes, offering an opportunity
for significant reductions in emissions and energy consumption in
the ethylene and propylene production industry. While high olefin
yields are achievable via CL, the material requirements (e.g., electronic
and geometric structures) that prevent the total conversion of alkanes
to CO
x
are not clearly understood. This
review aims to give a concise understanding of the nucleophilic oxygen
species involved in the selective reaction pathways for olefin production
as well as of the electrophilic oxygen species that promote an overoxidation
to CO
x
products. It further introduces
advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy,
and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, which have been employed
successfully in identifying such reactive oxygen species. To mitigate
CO
x
formation and enhance olefin selectivity,
material engineering solutions are discussed. Common techniques include
doping of the bulk or surface and the deposition of functional coatings.
In the context of energy consumption and CO
2
intensity,
techno-economic assessments of CL-ODH systems have predicted energy
savings of up to 80% compared to established olefin production processes
such as steam cracking or dehydrogenation. Finally, although their
practical application has been limited to date, the potential advantages
of the use of fluidized bed reactors in CL-ODH are presented.