Performance of network RTK correction techniques (FKP, MAC and VRS) under limited sky view condition

Pehlivan, Hüseyin; Bezcioğlu, Mert; Yılmaz, Muhammet

doi:10.26833/ijeg.492496

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…ADOP can describe the intrinsic precision characteristics of ambiguity parameters [49] and is also a measure of the volume of the ambiguity confidence ellipsoid [50]. The formula is given by Equation (11):…”

Section: Server-side Test Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Network RTK technology effectively overcomes the shortcomings of the aforementioned real-time positioning methods as it features rapid convergence and high precision, and does not require users to set up reference stations themselves, thereby improving operating efficiency and reducing associated costs. As a result, the widespread adoption of this technology is evident across various aspects of modern living [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionosphere-Weighted Network Real-Time Kinematic Server-Side Approach Combined with Single-Differenced Observations of GPS, GAL, and BDS

Ma,

Xu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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Currently, network real-time kinematic (NRTK) technology is one of the primary approaches used to achieve real-time dynamic high-precision positioning, and virtual reference station (VRS) technology, with its high accuracy and compatibility, has become the most important type of network RTK solution. The key to its successful implementation lies in correctly fixing integer ambiguities and extracting spatially correlated errors. This paper first introduces real-time data processing flow on the VRS server side. Subsequently, an improved ionosphere-weighted VRS approach is proposed based on single-differenced observations of GPS, GAL, and BDS. With the prerequisite of ensuring estimable integer properties of ambiguities, it directly estimates the single-differenced ionospheric delay and tropospheric delay between reference stations, reducing the double-differenced (DD) observation noise introduced by conventional models and accelerating the system initialization speed. Based on this, we provide an equation for generating virtual observations directly based on single-differenced atmospheric corrections without specifying the pivot satellite. This further simplifies the calculation process and enhances the efficiency of the solution. Using Australian CORS data for testing and analysis, and employing the approach proposed in this paper, the average initialization time on the server side was 40 epochs, and the average number of available satellites reached 23 (with an elevation greater than 20°). Two positioning modes, ‘Continuous’ (CONT) and ‘Instantaneous’ (INST), were employed to evaluate VRS user positioning accuracy, and the distance covered between the user and the master station was between 20 and 50 km. In CONT mode, the average positioning errors in the E/N/U directions were 0.67/0.82/1.98 cm, respectively, with an average success fixed rate of 98.76% (errors in all three directions were within 10 cm). In INST mode, the average positioning errors in the E/N/U directions were 1.29/1.29/2.13 cm, respectively, with an average success fixed rate of 89.56%. The experiments in this study demonstrate that the proposed approach facilitates efficient ambiguity resolution (AR) and atmospheric parameter extraction on the server side, thus enabling users to achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy instantly.

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Section: Server-side Test Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionosphere-Weighted Network Real-Time Kinematic Server-Side Approach Combined with Single-Differenced Observations of GPS, GAL, and BDS

Ma,

Xu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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“…This mapping may fail to provide the correct information for natural resource management if the difficulties with signal degradation in forest areas are not addressed. It may also be difficult to examine these coordinates because they do not give any information on how far it is predicted to be from its genuine position (Konnestad 2018, Kaplan 1996, Bakula et al 2015, Brach and Zasada 2014, Frank et al 2014, Massimiliano 2018, Gilbert 2002, Hofmann-Wellenhof et al, 2001, Cina et al 2015, Koivula et al 2018, Pehlivan et al 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Real Time Kinematic (Cors-FKP Method) Accuracy in/Under Forest Area

Pirti¹,

Kurtulgu²

2023

AgricultForest

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The use of Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), (geolocation and navigation system) in/under forestry is increasingly being established, especially in the areas of logistics, inventory and measurements. However, the uninitialized forest user assumes that GNSS will always work with the same accuracy everywhere, while the more critical foresters assume that GNSS will probably not work properly in/under the forest. A criterion is often used to evaluate the performance of a GNSS receiver in an obstructed environment. Due to tree canopy in a forest, GNSS performance can be limited, disturbed or completely prevented. The Real Time Kinematics (RTK) approach can provide centimetrelevel accuracy in a suitable environment. A more accurate and stable positioning technique was first proposed in the mid-1990s by meticulously modelling all fault components based on a known reference network called the Network Based RTK (NRTK) technique. Since then, several methods have been developed and implemented in practice, such as the Virtual Reference Station (VRS), the Flächen Korrektur Parameter (FKP) and the Master-Auxiliary Concept (MAC), which are fundamentally similar approaches. The purpose of all studies for this paper was to evaluate the achievable accuracy of the Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)-FKP in the project area and check the results. The CORS-FKP results show that the solution for the forest area was reached at cm level (±10-15 cm) for horizontal accuracy.

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“…In this way, field operational cost can be significantly reduced using PPP. Even though millimeter level accuracies can be achieved when processing daily solutions in static mode using both techniques, the long convergence time restricts PPP users to short observation sessions or real-time applications (Pehlivan et al 2019;Yigit et al 2014). Moreover, the accuracy of coordinates obtained from traditional PPP is still weaker than that obtained from the relative techniques for short observation time, since traditional PPP is mostly implemented with an ambiguity-float solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance analysis of ambiguity resolution on PPP and relative positioning techniques: consideration of satellite geometry

Öğütçü

2020

International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences

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Ambiguity resolution plays an important role in surveying using Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and relative positioning techniques that require high accuracy. In this study, ambiguity resolution performance of PPP and relative positioning under the unobstructed (with 7° cut-off angle) and constrained environment (with 25° cut-off angle, such as nearby buildings and street-canyons) using final/ultra-rapid orbit and clock products are investigated for different observation time. Seventeen globally distributed stations and six baselines of lengths from 270 km to 2100 km are chosen for conducting PPP and relative positioning, respectively. A 31-day period in January 2018 is chosen for processing using 24-, 12-, 6-, 4-, 2-and 1-h observations. The results indicate that sub-mm to cm levels of improvement in horizontal and vertical coordinate components are generally observed with ambiguity resolution for PPP and relative positioning techniques compared to the float counterparts. Moreover, accuracy degradation of ambiguity resolution compared to float solution is observed generally in the vertical component using the 25° elevation cut-off angle for both techniques. As the observation time increases, the accuracy improvements from ambiguity resolution decrease for each technique. In addition, fixing to the wrong integer ambiguities are generally seen with a short observation time and a 25° elevation cut-off angle for both techniques due to the poor satellite geometry. As far as baseline length in relative technique is concerned, the testing results show that there is no direct relation between baseline length and the accuracy improvement from ambiguity resolution compared to the float solution. The results also reveal that the coordinates obtained from ambiguity resol ution does not significantly change in the relative technique using final or ultra-rapid orbit/clock products, whereas the changes in PPP are significant for most of the stations.

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Performance of network RTK correction techniques (FKP, MAC and VRS) under limited sky view condition

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Ionosphere-Weighted Network Real-Time Kinematic Server-Side Approach Combined with Single-Differenced Observations of GPS, GAL, and BDS

Ionosphere-Weighted Network Real-Time Kinematic Server-Side Approach Combined with Single-Differenced Observations of GPS, GAL, and BDS

Network Real Time Kinematic (Cors-FKP Method) Accuracy in/Under Forest Area

Performance analysis of ambiguity resolution on PPP and relative positioning techniques: consideration of satellite geometry

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