“…A number of experimental investigations showed that, for CFDSTs under axial compression, the passive confining pressure induced by steel tubes can effectively enhance the overall axial capacity by up to 30%; also, its failure mode was reported to be primarily decided by the ratio between the steel tube thickness and cross-sectional diameter (Wei et al, 1995, Zhao et al, 2010b. Furthermore, efforts were also put into studying the behaviours of CFDSTs under transverse loading (Han et al, 2006), tensile loading (Li et al, 2014), torsional loading (Huang et al, 2013) as well as fire (Lu et al, 2010), and they all have evidenced that CFDSTs are able to yield excellent performance under a variety of loading conditions.…”