Performance of osteoporosis self-assessment tool in detecting low bone mineral density in menopausal women

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe osteoporosis self-assessment tool (OST) is a simple screening tool to assess risk of osteoporosis and to select high risk women for dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination. This study aimed to evaluate OST performance in detecting low bone mineral density (BMD) in menopausal women.

Screening for Osteoporosis Risk Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Scoping Review

“…Nine screening tools examined a single self-reported or measured variable: age,31–33 body mass index (BMI),34,35 dairy intake,32,36 height change,32,37,38 hypertension,32 physical activity,39 race,33 secondhand smoke,40 and weight 31,41–44. Fifteen of the screening tools were standardized outcome measures that examined multiple variables: Age, Body Size, No Estrogen (ABONE),42,43 eFRAX/FRAX,34,43,45–48 Garvan Risk Fracture Calculator,43 Male Osteoporosis Risk Estimation Scores (MORES),49–51 National Osteoporosis Foundation,52 Osteoporosis Prescreening Risk Assessment (OPERA),53 ORAI,31,34,41–43,52,54–57 OSIRIS,43,57,58 OST,31,34,41,44–46,48,54,56,57,59–62 Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA),42,43 OsteoRisk Index,63 SCORE,31,34,42,43,45,54–57,64–66 Self-Evaluating Risk Assessment Scale,67 SOF,66 and Three Factor Prospect 68. Four screening tools measured performance-based variables, including balance,35 grip strength,32,35,69–71 quadriceps strength,35 and walking speed,35 while a group of studies examined a combination of clinical risk factors 13,57,72–75…”

“…Several −LRs were of moderate importance (n = 26, 17.6%) and a few were of large importance (n = 7, 4.7%). Moderate changes in posttest probability were reported using the OPERA,53 ORAI,41,57 OSIRIS,57 OST,31,41,45,46,57,59,60 OSTA,42 OsteoRisk,63 SCORE,31,42,45 SOF,66 weight,31,41,42 BMI,34 and FRAX 45,46. Large changes in posttest probability were reported using the MORES,50,51 OST,45,60 SCORE,54,65 and FRAX 45.…”

“…Moderate changes in posttest probability were reported using the OPERA,53 ORAI,41,57 OSIRIS,57 OST,31,41,45,46,57,59,60 OSTA,42 OsteoRisk,63 SCORE,31,42,45 SOF,66 weight,31,41,42 BMI,34 and FRAX 45,46. Large changes in posttest probability were reported using the MORES,50,51 OST,45,60 SCORE,54,65 and FRAX 45. Table 2 in Supplemental Digital Content C (available at: http://links.lww.com/JGPT/A140) provides detailed information about studies that reported −LRs with moderate or large shifts in posttest probability.…”

“…66 However, as the FRAX study 47 has a small sample (n = 45), especially among men (n = 6), it is recommended that the SOF 66 is used for ruling in OP among females and that the OST 59,61 or Garvan 43 is used when ruling in OP among males. Similarly, according to −LRs with large shifts in posttest probability, the following tools are recommended to rule out OP: the FRAX, 45,46 MORES, 50,51 OST, 31,41,45,46,57,59,60 and SCORE. 31,42,45,54,65 However, as the MORES is the only tool studied specifically in male participants and has a large shift in posttest probability, we recommend that the MORES be used to rule out OP in men.…”