Performance of redox flow battery in combined frequency and voltage control of multi‐area multi‐source system using CFOPDN‐FOPIDN controller

Abstract

Summary This paper presents the combined voltage and frequency control of three‐area multi‐source interconnected power systems, having thermal‐solar thermal power plant, thermal‐wind and hydrothermal‐geothermal power plants. A maiden attempt has been made to incorporate one of the energy storage devices called redox flow battery (RFB) in all areas. Appropriate system non‐linearity constraints are considered for both thermal and hydro plants. A new cascade controller called cascade fractional‐order PD with filter and fractional‐order proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) with filter (CFOPDN‐FOPIDN) is proposed as a secondary controller in the unified automatic load frequency control (ALFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. A novel optimization algorithm called artificial flora algorithm is used to optimize the controller parameters. From the observation of the system dynamic responses, it reveals that the CFOPDN‐FOPIDN controller is superior to the FOPID, PIDN and PI controllers. The unified ALFC‐AVR study exhibits that the AVR loop enhances the system dynamics considerably. It is observed that the system oscillations are substantially reduced along with the peak deviation and settling time in the presence of RFB. Moreover, the combined frequency deviation and area control error as an input signal to the RFB outperforms the individual one. The system performance improves with an increase in the RFB gain value. Furthermore, it is divulged that a larger frequency deviation leads to a faster rate of change of frequency. Eventually, the sensitivity analysis reveals the sturdiness of the proposed controller.

A novel fractional order PID plus derivative (PIλDµDµ2) controller for AVR system using equilibrium optimizer

“…The initial objective of the AVR system is to keep the generator terminal voltage constant at a determined level (Dekaraja and Saikia, 2021). The block diagram of the AVR system consisting of amplifier, exciter, generator and sensor is shown in Figure 1 (Bhookya and Kumar, 2019;Sahib, 2015;.…”

Utilization of electric vehicles in combined voltage‐frequency control of multi‐area thermal‐combined cycle gas turbine system using two degree of freedom tilt‐integral‐derivative controller

“…To compensate for elevated distribution voltage and frequency variations, a supplementary LFC with many EVs was proposed 25 . The implementation of ultrabattery 26 and redox flow batteries in deregulated 27 and conventional 28 LFC system is analyzed. The EVs along with other renewable sources are analyzed which unviels the efficacy 29,30 .…”

“…Sensitivity analysis was performed from a different perspective to assess controller durability under different vulnerability contexts. In combined ALFC and AVR studies, the sensitivity has been assayed by changing the system load disturbance conditions 19 and various loading in different areas 28 . This aspect such as variation in system parameters needs to be investigated in unified ALFC and AVR studies.…”

“…In combined ALFC and AVR studies, the sensitivity has been assayed by changing the system load disturbance conditions 19 and various loading in different areas. 28 This aspect such as variation in system parameters needs to be investigated in unified ALFC and AVR studies.…”

Observer‐aided resilient hybrid fractional‐order controller for frequency regulation of hybrid power system

“…24,25 The performance of interconnected power systems employing a fuzzy-aided fractional-order PID controller (single-loop or cascade) has been assessed. [26][27][28] LFC of PV thermal-thermal interconnected power system with fuzzy gain scheduled PI controller is presented in Reference 29. A recently developed control strategy based on interval type-2 fuzzy inference system and FO calculus is shown in Reference 30 for frequency control of power systems.…”