Worldwide, olive is well known as an important economic and social crop. Historically, Egypt is one of the major producers of olive under arid and semi-arid conditions in the Mediterranean region under irrigated agriculture. The sustainability of olive production in Egypt faces several problems including water scarcity for agricultural sector, soil deterioration, increasing production cost, and climate variability. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the factors affecting olive production on a sustainable base and initiate mitigation/adaptation strategies to avoid and cope with the prevailing problems. The current chapter reviews the most recent studies on olive production practices, the main impacts of climate change on olive tree cultivation, and the possible mitigation/adaptation strategies against the potentially negative impacts of climate variability under Egyptian conditions.