Performance of UV disinfection and the microbial quality of greywater effluent along a reuse system for toilet flushing

Removal of Pathogens by Membrane Bioreactors: A Review of the Mechanisms, Influencing Factors and Reduction in Chemical Disinfectant Dosing

“…The study by Natvik et al [119] suggested a minimal requirement for post-MBR disinfection, which can be achieved using a reduced ultraviolet irradiation. In another study, complete removal of a viral indicator from the effluent of an MBR treating grey water via UV irradiation was reported [120]. Mansell et al [121] reported achievement of five-log virus inactivation with free chlorine dosing to MBR effluent at concentrations one-tenth of 450 mg Cl2-min/L, which is the minimum value required by California Water Recycling Criteria (Title 22) for all chlorine disinfection processes.…”

Greywater Use in Irrigation: Characteristics, Advantages and Concerns

“…Consequently, it could not be directly used for irrigation. Considerably decreasing of microbial load could be achieved with sand filtration and coagulation, combined with chorine and UV disinfection (Tajima et al, 2007;Friedler et al, 2008;Friedler & Gilboa, 2010). In general and as it would be expected, the concentration of the parameters analysed in the TGW is superior to the LGW (Fig.…”

“…Contrary to public perception, many recent investigations highlight the necessity of greywater treatment before its use on irrigation (Friedler & Gilboa, (2010)). According to Friedler & Gilboa, (2010), since in on-site systems greywater is reused in close proximity to the general population, safe reuse is possible only after an appropriate treatment that increases its sanitary, environmental and aesthetic quality, which leads to the generally accepted need to provide effective disinfection prior to reuse. Greywater is often extensively treated in combined systems or separately in spread settlings.…”

“…It is a frequent misconception that greywater is cleaner than combined wastewater and therefore can be reused with minimal or without treatment (Gross et al, 2007). Contrary to public perception, many recent investigations highlight the necessity of greywater treatment before its use on irrigation (Friedler & Gilboa, (2010)). According to Friedler & Gilboa, (2010), since in on-site systems greywater is reused in close proximity to the general population, safe reuse is possible only after an appropriate treatment that increases its sanitary, environmental and aesthetic quality, which leads to the generally accepted need to provide effective disinfection prior to reuse.…”

“…The second one involves membrane bioreactors (MBR) and biologically aerated filters (BAF). An alternative approach to disinfection with chlorine is using UV radiation with great results (Friedler & Gilboa, 2010). According to EPA (2004), the wastewater suitable for irrigation of crops that will not be industrially processed, must go through a secondary treatment, followed by filtration and disinfection.…”