Performance under Pressure on the Court: Evidence from Professional Volleyball

Abstract

This study analyzes how psychological pressure affects performance. It refers to the discussion on differences between choking, i.e., an acute performance decline under pressure and underperformance under pressure. When performance outcomes are not defined binary even slight performance decrements can have huge consequences for future career. To study the consequences of psychological pressure on performance, we employ data on the serving performance of 213 professional volleyball athletes in 226 matches. We do not find any evidence for the existence of severe performance decrements under pressure (i.e. choking). However, athletes serve less effectively under pressure, i.e., they serve less direct points and less good serves. In consequence, we find that these subtler performance changes of serving players negatively affect overall team performance. Thus, we show that even if choking in the sense of an acute failure does not occur, performance decrements harming team production exist. This might be explained by single team members trying to avoid being held responsible for failure. Strengthening group cohesion to reduce psychological pressure on single group members might be a fruitful strategy to cope with similar problems in other working environments.

Analysis of serves of the Estonian national volleyball team in the final tournament of the European Championship 2021 and comparison with the final tournament of the European Championship 2019

“…Considering the percentage of positive serves among jump power serves to the libero (Table 5), we can see that in 2021 the share of positive serves was greater than in the earlier year, and more points were gained after both negative (35%) and positive serves (48%). Timeouts lower considerably the performance of the serving player, decreasing the proficiency of the serve and gaining of direct points [2]. The current study revealed that, in the tournament of 2021, the players erred more after timeouts than in the tournament of the earlier year (Table 6).…”

Performing best when it matters the most: evidence from professional handball

“…A twister or a lob would be a risky throw. Likewise,Bozhinov and Grote (2018) use the jump serve as a proxy for risk taking in volleyball.…”