Performance verification of the FlashCam prototype camera for the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Werner, F.; Bauer, C.; Bernhard, S.; Capasso, M.; Diebold, S.; Eisenkolb, F.; Eschbach, S.; Florin, D.; Föhr, C.; Funk, S.; Gadola, A.; Garrecht, F.; Hermann, G.; Jung, I.; Kalekin, O.; Kalkuhl, C.; Kasperek, J.; Kihm, T.; Lahmann, R.; Marszałek, Adam; Pfeifer, M.; Principe, G.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pürckhauer, S.; Rajda, P.; Reimer, O.; Santangelo, A.; Schanz, T.; Schwab, Thomas; Steiner, S.; Straumann, U.; Tenzer, C.; Vollhardt, A.; Wolf, David; Ziętara, K.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2016.12.056

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Both detectors were plugged to a voltage divider. The anode output fed our data acquisition system (DAQ) 64 . This is a module of a FlashCam FADC system, originally designed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) 65 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PIBS: Proton and ion beam spectroscopy for in vivo measurements of oxygen, carbon, and calcium concentrations in the human body

Martins

Bello

Ackermann

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Proton and ion beam therapy has proven to benefit tumour control with lower side-effects, mostly in paediatrics. Here we demonstrate a feasible technique for proton and ion beam spectroscopy (PIBS) capable of determining the elemental compositions of the irradiated tissues during particle therapy. This follows the developments in prompt gamma imaging for online range verification and the inheritance from prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. Samples of water solutions were prepared to emulate varying oxygen and carbon concentrations. the irradiation of those samples and other tissue surrogate inserts by protons and ion beams under clinical conditions clearly showed a logarithmic relationship between the target elemental composition and the prompt gamma production. This finding is in line with the known logarithmic dependence of the pH with the proton molar concentration. Elemental concentration changes of 1% for calcium and 2% for oxygen in adipose, brain, breast, liver, muscle and bone-related tissue surrogates were clearly identified. Real-time in vivo measurements of oxygen, carbon and calcium concentrations will be evaluated in a pre-clinical and clinical environment. This technique should have an important impact in the assessment of tumour hypoxia over the course of several treatment fractions and the tracking of calcifications in brain metastases. The analysis of the elemental compositions of the human body by means of irradiated particles was first described by Anderson et al. in 1964 1,2. That technique was coined as in vivo neutron activation analysis 1. That breakthrough gave rise to the measurements of total body hydrogen 3,4 , carbon 5 , nitrogen 6 , calcium and sodium 7,8 , and localized measurements of chlorine 9 and cadmium 6,10. The activated elements were identified because of their decay at different rates or because they emitted gamma-rays of different energy 1. The latter was further developed and nominated as prompt gamma in vivo neutron analysis (PGIVNA or IVNAA). The evaluation of total body protein by IVNAA 11 had a major impact in intensive care patients 12 , thus saving several billions of dollars annually round the World 13. A comprehensive review of in vivo experimental methods to determine the composition of the human body has been carried out by Sutcliffe 14 and Ellis & Eastman 15. The IVNAA relied either on high energy resolution germanium detectors (HPGe) for tracking calcium, cadmium and chlorine or by thick sodium iodide NaI(Tl) detectors for determining total body hydrogen and nitrogen. This technique was developed close to nuclear reactors, particle accelerators or radioisotope neutron sources. Many facilities, such as the ones at Birmingham 16 and Brookhaven 4,17 , were fully designed with the purpose of studying the prompt activation for the spectroscopy of neutron activated elements. More recently, new techniques have emerged for the detection of heavier elements in human organs 18-20. However, neutron therapy, although popular in the 70 s and 80 s, still offers low mar...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PIBS: Proton and ion beam spectroscopy for in vivo measurements of oxygen, carbon, and calcium concentrations in the human body

Martins

Bello

Ackermann

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The prompt gamma spectroscopy (PGS) system is composed of CeBr 3 detectors (ø 1.5 ′′ × 3 ′′ ) coupled to Hamamatsu R13089 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and plugged to a voltage divider. The anode output feeds our data acquisition system (DAQ) [42]. This is a module of a FlashCam FADC system, originally designed for cameras proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope array (CTA) [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each PMT provides an analog signal to the acquisition system. The signals are continuously digitized and stored in data files [42]. The post-processing is then performed offline.…”

Section: Triggermentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Single-Particle Trigger for Time-of-Flight Measurements in Prompt-Gamma Imaging

et al. 2020

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Tracking of single particles accelerated by synchrotrons is a subject that crosses several physics fields. The high clinical intensities used in particle therapy that can exceed 10 9 p/s make this task very challenging. The tracking of the arrival time of single particles in the ion beam is fundamental for the verification of the particle range and dose delivered to the patient. We present a prototype made of scintillating fibers which has been used to provide time-of-flight (TOF) information for three beam species currently accelerated at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT). We have demonstrated a time-tracker for a prompt-gamma spectroscopy system that allows for a background TOF rejection with a sub-nanosecond time resolution.

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“…The FlashCam camera [3] is based on a fully digital trigger and read-out system. The front part is composed of a photon detection plane (PDP) comprising 147 modules with 12 PMT each.…”

Section: Camera Concept For the DC Structure: Flashcammentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of the Davies Cotton and Schwarzschild-Coude Medium Sized Telescopes for the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Glicenstein¹

2019

Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2019)

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The Cherenkov Telescope Array is an observatory dedicated to very high energy gamma rays with unprecedented sensitivity between 20 GeV and 300 TeV to be installed on two sites: Canary Island La Palma and Paranal Chile. Three telescope sizes will be used to cover the entire energy range. Two different telescope designs have been proposed to cover the intermediate energy range from 150 GeV to 5 TeV. One of the proposals is based on the traditional single mirror Davies-Cotton design, with two different camera concepts with different detection and processing schemes are under test. Another innovative design based on a dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder optics has also been developed and is under test in Arizona, USA. In this talk, the different concepts and the status of the prototypes will be presented.

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Performance verification of the FlashCam prototype camera for the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

PIBS: Proton and ion beam spectroscopy for in vivo measurements of oxygen, carbon, and calcium concentrations in the human body

PIBS: Proton and ion beam spectroscopy for in vivo measurements of oxygen, carbon, and calcium concentrations in the human body

A Single-Particle Trigger for Time-of-Flight Measurements in Prompt-Gamma Imaging

Status of the Davies Cotton and Schwarzschild-Coude Medium Sized Telescopes for the Cherenkov Telescope Array

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