Performance versus moment of inertia of sporting implements

Cross, Rod; Nathan, Alan M.

doi:10.1080/19346182.2009.9648493

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, it makes sense physically that the single parameter of a bat that determines its performance is the BBCOR, a conclusion strongly supported by the present data. Although this result had been anticipated previously on theoretical grounds [11], to our knowledge the present analysis of the batting cage data provides the first experimental confirmation. The strong correlation between batted ball speed and e has led the NCAA to adopt the BBCOR as their primary metric of performance [12].…”

Section: Bat Performance Analysissupporting

confidence: 71%

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A comparative study of baseball bat performance

et al. 2011

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The results of a comparative study of five aluminum and one wood baseball bats are presented. The study includes an analysis of field data, high-speed laboratory testing, and modal analysis. It is found that field performance is strongly correlated with the ball-bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) and only weakly correlated with other parameters of the bat, suggesting that the BBCOR is the primary feature of a bat that determines its field performance. It is further found that the instantaneous rotation axis of the bat at the moment of impact is very close to the knob of the bat and that the rotational velocity varies inversely with the moment of inertia of the bat about the knob. A swing speed formula is derived from the field data and the limits of its validity are discussed. The field and laboratory measurements of the collision efficiency are generally in good agreement, as expected on theoretical grounds. Finally, the BBCOR is strongly correlated with the frequency of the lowest hoop mode of the hollow bats, as predicted by models of the trampoline effect.

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Section: Bat Performance Analysissupporting

confidence: 71%

“…For the bats in Table 1, the fraction ranges from 1.6 to 1.7. Indeed, I 15 is often referred to as the ''swing weight'' of a bat [11]. Therefore, the only two distinguishing characteristics of a bat that determine its performance are the BBCOR and the swing weight.…”

Section: Bat Performance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of baseball bat performance

et al. 2011

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“…Based on the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a model of the handgripped racket was developed to predict how the player's grip force affects the dynamic behaviour of the racket. According to Cross and Nathan (2009), despite its non-uniform shape, a tennis racket has an approximately uniform mass distribution along its central axis, and behaves similarly to a uniform beam. Therefore, the racket was modelled as a uniform beam of equivalent mass m r ¼ ρSL, equivalent moment of inertia about its central axis through its centre of mass…”

Section: Hand-gripped Racket Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of player grip on the dynamic behaviour of a tennis racket

Chadefaux

Rao

Carrou

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this article is to characterise the extent to which the dynamic behaviour of a tennis racket is dependent on its mechanical characteristics and the modulation of the player's grip force. This problem is addressed through steps involving both experiment and modelling. The first step was a free boundary condition modal analysis on five commercial rackets. Operational modal analyses were carried out under "slight", "medium" and "strong" grip force conditions. Modal frequencies and damping factors were then obtained using a high-resolution method. Results indicated that the dynamic behaviour of a racket is not only determined by its mechanical characteristics, but is also highly dependent on the player's grip force. Depending on the grip force intensity, the first two bending modes and the first torsional mode frequencies respectively decreased and increased while damping factors increased. The second step considered the design of a phenomenological hand-gripped racket model. This model is fruitful in that it easily predicts the potential variations in a racket's dynamic behaviour according to the player's grip force. These results provide a new perspective on the player/racket interaction optimisation by revealing how grip force can drive racket dynamic behaviour, and hence underlining the necessity of taking the player into account in the racket design process.

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“…Frame stiffness has been shown to have virtually no effect for impacts at or close to the node, as the fundamental mode is not excited [33,59,[72][73][74]. Stiffer rackets experience lower energy losses for impacts away from the node, particularly near the tip and in the throat region where effective mass is greatest [33,59,72]. Modern frame technology is beneficial for the recreational player as the penalty for hitting away from the centre of the racket is reduced.…”

Section: Frame Stiffnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of tennis racket performance parameters

2015

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The application of advanced engineering to tennis racket design has influenced the nature of the sport. As a result, the International Tennis Federation has established rules to limit performance, with the aim of protecting the nature of the game. This paper illustrates how changes to the racket affect the racket-player system. The review integrates engineering and biomechanical issues related to tennis racket performance, covering the biomechanical characteristics of tennis strokes, tennis racket performance, the effect of racket parameters on ball rebound and biomechanical interactions. Racket properties influence the rebound of the ball. Ball rebound speed increases with frame stiffness and as string tension decreases. Reducing inter-string contacting forces increases rebound topspin. Historical trends and predictive modelling indicate swingweights of around 0.030 to 0.0350 kg/m 2 are best for high ball speed and accuracy. To fully understand the effect of their design changes, engineers should use impact conditions in their experiments, or models, which reflect those of actual tennis strokes. Sports engineers therefore benefit from working closely with biomechanists to ensure realistic impact conditions.

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Performance versus moment of inertia of sporting implements

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

A comparative study of baseball bat performance

A comparative study of baseball bat performance

The effects of player grip on the dynamic behaviour of a tennis racket

A review of tennis racket performance parameters

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