“…It may thus be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, especially as it is generally agreed that there is a high incidence of peptic ulcer in such patients. But the reported frequency of this association varies widely (Koide, Texter, and Borden, 1958) and most of the series have been reported from North America where cirrhosis is usually associated with alcoholism so that it is often not clear whether the important factor is the liver disease or the alcoholism. More recently it has been suggested that ulcers occur even more frequently following a portacaval anastomosis operation (Clarke, Ozeran, Hart, Gruze, and Crevling, 1958).…”