Performative Diplomacy: Iran–Republic of China Relations, 1920–1949

Figueroa, William A.

doi:10.1017/irn.2021.17

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The economic axis emphasizes cooperation in energy generation, including green energy, industry, mining, infrastructure development, health and education facilities, investment in SEZs, and port facilities. The deal also covers joint military drills, intelligence sharing, and military-related hardware and equipment (Figueroa, 2021). Iran considers the deal a breakthrough in breaking off the diplomatic isolation amidst the U.S. sanctions.…”

Section: H I Na-i R a N St R At Egic Agr Ee M E N T: I N T Er E St S ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

Hussain,

Jamali,

Nisar

et al. 2024

Politics & Policy

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This article argues that China is advancing its relations with Iran and Pakistan based on pragmatic balancing, a key component of soft balancing, to safeguard and advance national self‐interest. China's relationship with Pakistan is based on shared interests to counter the Indian hegemony in South Asia and end the Chinese energy security dilemma through an overland route of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The bilateral relationship has enhanced and expanded over the years, despite steep transformations in regional geopolitics. Meanwhile, abundant Iranian energy reserves and Tehran's willingness to support China against the United States in the Middle East encouraged the Chinese leadership to sign a strategic deal with no significant ramifications for Pakistan and CPEC. The fair‐weather friendship between China and Iran remains limited in scope, often suspending cooperation in various domains, including energy and defense. Nonetheless, an all‐weather friendship between China and Pakistan sustained the collaboration of security, economy, and diplomacy, meticulously representing sincerity and cordiality.Related ArticlesBishwakarma, Jham Kumar, and Zongshan Hu. 2021. “Problems and Prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).” Politics & Policy 50(1): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12443.Singh, Amit, and Amit Sarwal. 2017. “Paraspara, Encounters, and Confluences: India's Soft Power Objective in the Indo‐Pacific Region.” Politics & Policy 45(5): 733–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12222.Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Saad. 2020. “American Global Supremacy under Threat? The Chinese Factor.” Politics & Policy 49(2): 502–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12402.

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Section: H I Na-i R a N St R At Egic Agr Ee M E N T: I N T Er E St S ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

Hussain,

Jamali,

Nisar

et al. 2024

Politics & Policy

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“…With the 25-year strategic agreement, China planned to give Iran an amount between $400 to $800 billion to support the Iranian economy in the coming three decades. Some scholars of Western countries describe this new cooperation as "the new Axis of Evil" and it will also bring instability to the region (Figueroa, 2021). However, China has established crucial interactions both with the Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries and China is considered a locomotive for the economic development of many countries in these regions.…”

Section: Comprehensive Strategic Partnershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamics of Iran-China “New” Strategic Cooperation

YILDIRIMÇAKAR

2023

Alternatif Politika

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Iran-China cooperation is not one-dimensional that based only on the economic interests of the two parties. It has other dimensions such as seeking new strategies to minimize the domination of the United States in Central Asia and the Middle East to ensure the efficient operation of their future political, economic, and strategic policies. In 2013, with the declaration of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Iran-China cooperation increasingly became more critical for the two countries' political, national, and international interests. To this end, Iran and China have decided to sign a long-term (25 years) strategic cooperation agreement and Iran was admitted to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a full member in September 2021. Since Iran and China have common interests in political, economic, security, and military cooperation, it is predicted that the strategic and long-standing cooperation between Iran and China will be one of the most significant factors to change the balance of the Middle East and Central Asia both politically and economically. From this point of view, this study aims to explore the dynamics affecting Iran-China strategic cooperation and analyze the core factors behind this rapprochement.

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“…Both the states agreed to consolidate their relations especially to enhance the volume of trade in the coming 25 years. It is believed that China will enhance its investment in Iran estimating from $400 to $600 billion (Figueroa, 2021). Pakistan and Iran have the great potential to benefit from Chinese investment by building the Iran‐Pakistan Gas Pipeline which could not be completed due to US Sanctions on Iran.…”

Section: Political Impacts Of Us–china Strategic Competition On Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting US–China strategic competition in Central Asia and its impact on Pakistan

Gul

Munir²,

Hussain

et al. 2021

Journal of Public Affairs

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Since the dissolution of the former Soviet Union, the US, and China are aspiring to enhance their strategic influence in Central Asia which has recently been intensified due to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Further, China has also increased its influence in Central Asia through regional organizations such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Against this backdrop, Pakistan emerged as an important pivot of China's BRI where the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the flagship project. This study begins with a theoretical debate of Heartland theory of Halford John Mackinder and the later version of Heartland theory into Rimland theory by Nicolas Spykman, which explains the geopolitical significance of Central Asia for Major Powers. Within this theoretical context, the study discusses China and the US grand strategies in Central Asia in the form of China's BRI, SCO and the US counter‐strategies such as from phase 1.0, policy to 2.0, policy, and the recent initiative of C5 + 1. The study finds out that US–China strategic competition will have implications for various states having relations with both of these two major powers. In case of Pakistan, the strategic competition between China and the US will affect various dimensions of Pakistan's security at the broader level such as political, military, and economic security. First, at the political level, it is affecting Pakistan's relations with Russia, China, Iran, and Gulf States. Second, at military level, Pakistan's strategic value has been enhanced as a frontline state against terrorism. Finally, at the economic level, CPEC provides opportunities for Pakistan's economy and regional connectivity.

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Performative Diplomacy: Iran–Republic of China Relations, 1920–1949

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

The China–Iran strategic deal and CPEC: Navigating the influence of pragmatic balancing in China's relations with Iran and Pakistan

The Dynamics of Iran-China “New” Strategic Cooperation

Revisiting US–China strategic competition in Central Asia and its impact on Pakistan

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