Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig

Mudd, Austin T.; Getty, Caitlyn M; Sutton, Bradley P.; Dilger, Ryan N.

doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000031

Cited by 40 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Microstructural data were acquired by use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as previously described (22). Briefly, the following parameters were used: repetition time, T R = 5000 ms; echo time, T E = 91 ms; averages = 3; diffusion weightings = 2; b value of 1000 s/mm 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development in Piglets

Leyshon

Radlowski

Mudd

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutrition

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development in Piglets

Leyshon

Radlowski

Mudd

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…Piglets were individually housed, as previously described, in stainless steel cages (1.03 m deep × 0.77 m wide × 0.81 m high) with clear, Plexiglas facades and side walls bearing several small openings (2.54 cm in diameter) to allow for adequate ventilation. A towel and toy were included in each cage to provide enrichment, and piglets were allowed ad libitum access to water ( 17 , 18 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon completion of the scan, vital signs were monitored and recorded until complete recovery from anesthesia. Specific details regarding piglet imaging sequences and post-imaging analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry were previously described ( 18 , 20 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

et al. 2016

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IntroductionMilk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and lactoferrin have been identified as two components that have potential to affect neurodevelopment. While concentrations of some MFGM constituents in infant formulas are within human milk range, they may not be present at optimal or clinically effective levels. However, lactoferrin levels of infant formulas are consistently reported to be lower than human milk. This study sought to provide a novel combination of prebiotics, bovine-derived MFGM, and lactoferrin and assess their influence on neurodevelopment.MethodsTwenty-four male piglets were provided either TEST (n = 12) or CONT (n = 12) diet from 2 to 31 days of age. Piglets underwent spatial T-maze assessment starting at 17 days of age, were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging at 30 days of age, and were euthanized for tissue collection at 31 days of age.ResultsDiffusion tensor imaging revealed differences in radial (P = 0.032) and mean (P = 0.028) diffusivities in the internal capsule, where CONT piglets had higher rates of diffusion compared with TEST piglets. Voxel-based morphometry indicated larger (P < 0.05) differences in cortical gray and white matter concentrations, with CONT piglets having larger tissue clusters in these regions compared with TEST piglets. In the spatial T-maze assessment, CONT piglets exhibited shorter latency to choice compared with TEST piglets on day 2 of acquisition and days 3 and 4 of reversal.ConclusionObserved differences in microstructure maturation of the internal capsule and cortical tissue concentrations suggest that piglets provided TEST diet were more advanced developmentally than piglets provided CONT diet. Therefore, supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics, MFGM, and lactoferrin may support neurodevelopment in human infants.

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“…The following sequence-specific parameters were used to acquire T1-weighted MPRAGE data: TR = 1900 ms; TE = 2.49 ms; 224 slices; FOV = 180 mm; flip angle = 9°. Methods for MPRAGE averaging, manual brain extraction were previously described (15). All data generated used a publicly available population-averaged piglet brain atlas () (19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Brain Development in Sow-Reared and Artificially Reared Piglets

et al. 2016

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IntroductionProvision of adequate nutrients is critical for proper growth and development of the neonate, yet the impact of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on neural maturation has to be fully determined. Using the piglet as a model for the human infant, our objective was to compare neurodevelopment of piglets that were either sow-reared (SR) or artificially reared (AR) in an artificial setting.MethodsOver a 25-day feeding study, piglets (1.5 ± 0.2 kg initial bodyweight) were either SR (n = 10) with ad libitum intake or AR (n = 29) receiving an infant formula modified to mimic the nutritional profile and intake pattern of sow’s milk. At study conclusion, piglets were subjected to a standardized set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures to quantify structure and composition of the brain.ResultsDiffusion tensor imaging, an MRI sequence that characterizes brain microstructure, revealed that SR piglets had greater (P < 0.05) average white matter (WM) (generated from a piglet specific brain atlas) fractional anisotropy (FA), and lower (P < 0.05) mean and radial and axial diffusivity values compared with AR piglets, suggesting differences in WM organization. Voxel-based morphometric analysis, a measure of white and gray matter (GM) volumes concentrations, revealed differences (P < 0.05) in bilateral development of GM clusters in the cortical brain regions of the AR piglets compared with SR piglets. Region of interest analysis revealed larger (P < 0.05) whole brain volumes in SR animals compared with AR, and certain subcortical regions to be larger (P < 0.05) as a percentage of whole brain volume in AR piglets compared with SR animals. Quantification of brain metabolites using magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed SR piglets had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of myo-inositol, glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine, and creatine + phosphocreatine compared with AR piglets. However, glutamate + glutamine levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AR piglets when compared with SR animals.ConclusionOverall, increases in brain metabolite concentrations, coupled with greater FA values in WM tracts and volume differences in GM of specific brain regions, suggest differences in myelin development and cell proliferation in SR versus AR piglets.

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Perinatal choline deficiency delays brain development and alters metabolite concentrations in the young pig

Abstract: This study demonstrates that prenatal choline deficiency has profound effects by delaying neurodevelopment as evidenced by structural and metabolic MRI assessments.

Cited by 40 publications

References 35 publications

Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development in Piglets

Postnatal Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development in Piglets

Dietary Prebiotics, Milk Fat Globule Membrane, and Lactoferrin Affects Structural Neurodevelopment in the Young Piglet

Comparison of Brain Development in Sow-Reared and Artificially Reared Piglets

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