Perinatal Factors of Developmental Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common pediatric neurobehavioral disorder often treated in the primary care setting. It shows a high and chronic level of inattention, impulsivity/hyperactivity and/or both, and can affect more than 2 million school-age children. The researchers are not sure about the exact causes of the disorder, but it seems that apart from genetic factors, perinatal factors seem to dynamically contribute to the development of the disorder. Purpose: The aim of this review was to investigate the perinatal and obstetric factors related to the development of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Method: An online review of English language studies published from 2002 to 2020, using the Embase, Psy-chINFO, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. From 1100 studies only 17 were included in the review since they met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The results of the review showed that apart from heredity and genetic factors, various conditions in pregnancy or the mother's way of life in pregnancy, adverse conditions in labor and infancy can contribute on their own or in combination to the development of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Obstetric vigilance to detect risk factors in pregnancy in combination with the prevention of obstetric complications is the key in preventing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ADHD Symptoms in Females of Childhood, Adolescent, Reproductive and Menopause Period

“…Studies in first-degree relatives with ADHD have shown 2 to 8 times higher risk for ADHD to be manifested in other family members ( 13 ). Therefore, girls with a history of perinatal disorders must be closely monitored for ADHD symptoms ( 14 ). Other factors that can contribute to insufficient ADHD diagnosis and non-referral for treatment of ADHD girls are the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (depression /anxiety) ( 15 , 16 ) which are responsible for the internalization of the symptoms, the presence of a comorbid compulsive-compulsive disorder, which is often accompanied by a perfectionist behaviour ( 17 ) and the lack of aggressiveness which is more obvious in boys than in girls ( 18 ).…”

Фактори Ризику Розвитку Розладів Аутистичного Спектру

“…Діти народжені з малою вагою, передчасно та із коротшим гестаційним віком асоціюються з підвищеним ризиком розвитку РАС, порівняно із тими, що мають велику вагу при народженні, народжуються пізно та із довшим гестаційним віком [62]. Неонатальна гіпоксія, яка виникає, наприклад, при дистресі плода чи обвитті пуповиною, може бути причиною розвитку РАС [63]. Перинатальна жовтяниця може з'явитися в результаті розпаду еритроцитів плода, що призводить до вивільнення білірубіну.…”