Perinatal Risk Factors and Genu Valgum Conducive to the Onset of Growing Pains in Early Childhood

Kaspiris, Angelos; Chronopoulos, Efstathios; Vasiliadis, Elias

doi:10.3390/children3040034

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…6 If the longitudinal axis of the knee joint is not aligned by then, and the IMD is more than 5cm, 7 physiotherapeutic intervention is called for. The degree of GV has a significant effect on the development of growing pains 8 and orthrosis because the imposed loads are no longer equally distributed between the outer and the inner halves of the knee. 9 This is the best time-period for deflexion correction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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Objective: Genu valgum (GV), also known as valgus knee, or knock-knee, is a common orthopaedic condition in growing children. Physiological genu valgum have intermalleolar distance of up to 8 cm, the greatest distance being observed between 3 and 4 years, disappearing gradually after the age of 7-8 years. If the longitudinal axis of the knee joint is not aligned by then, physiotherapeutic intervention is called for. Aim:The aim of our study was to determine if garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator could be used in mechanotherapy to correct children's excessive GV. Methods:The study has lasted last 6 years and there has been three study periods. In all study-periods, practical part lasted six months. Inclusion criterias were: subjects were not involved in physical therapy and did not wear orthoses during the study. Once in every month myometric values (tone, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of m. sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius caput mediale, m. peroneus longus) were determined with MyotonPro (Myoton AS, Estonia); anthropometric (height, body mass, intermalleolar distance), and goniometric (tibiofemoral angle) parameters were measured according to the standard technique. During the last three months children didn't wear garment and final measurement was done to evaluate long term effect of garment. Individual analysis was carried out to evaluate the results. Results:After wearing the garments with pressure and elastic components the changes in the lower limb joint alignment and biomechanical parameters promoted the correction of GV position. Three months after the wearing period the changes occurred the worsening of GV position, which indicates that the muscles could not maintain the condition achieved by wearing the garment. Conclusion:The relationship between applied mechano therapeutic stimulus and changes in the lower limb joint alignment and changes of the biomechanical parameters are individual. Study continues with upgrading a device where a new solution is found using digital technology to measure tensile strength at a desired period.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Tamm

Linkberg

Vaher

et al. 2018

IPMRJ

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“…Kaspiris et al[16] analyzed the association of the onset and intensity of growing pains with some perinatal risk factors. The study revealed that a short gestation period, low Apgar score, low birth length or weight, and lower head circumference were positively correlated with the development of growing pains in childhood.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Evans and Shutter[20] found in a cohort of 180 patients only a weak correlation between foot posture and the child’s functional health and no longer supports the anatomical theory. In 2016, Kaspiris et al[16] found a positive correlation with genu valgum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence has revealed perinatal risks factors in developing growing pains during childhood[16]. This association suggests that some perinatal risk factors might alter bone metabolism, bone content, and density, and they might be predictors of the manifestation of growing pains in early childhood[16]. Breastfeeding has also been implicated in the prevention of growing pains[17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growing pains: What do we know about etiology? A systematic review

Pavone¹,

Vescio²,

Valenti³

et al. 2019

WJO

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BACKGROUND Growing pains is the most common cause of musculoskeletal pain in early childhood and was first described in 1823 by French physician Marcel Duchamp. Although it has been researched extensively, the etiology is still unknown. Several theories have been proposed throughout the years. AIM Analyze the available scientific literature to provide an update on the latest evidence on the etiology. METHODS According to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, the scientific literature on the etiology of growing pains was systematically reviewed using the following inclusion criteria: studies of any level of evidence reporting clinical or preclinical results and dealing with the etiology of growing pains. The medical electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched by two independent authors on October 20, 2018. The search string used was “(growing pains OR benign nocturnal limb pains OR musculoskeletal pains) AND (etiology OR pathogenesis) AND (pediatrics)”. RESULTS A total of 32 articles were included. The etiology of growing pains still remains poorly understood. Many theories have been proposed, but none of them are decisive. A lower pain threshold has been found among patients suffering from growing pains in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, evidence suggests an association between growing pains and reduced bone strength in young patients, although this finding still remains controversial. Changes in the vascular perfusion pattern have also been studied. However, the etiology of growing pains does not seem related to a vascular component. The anatomical/mechanical theory has not been supported, but the role of vitamin D deficiency has been investigated many times. Strong recent evidence indicates a genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of growing pains. Furthermore, psychological factors also seem to play a strong role in the onset. CONCLUSION The scientific literature about the etiology of growing pains presents heterogeneity and lack of consensus; more studies are needed to understand the genesis of benign musculoskeletal pain syndrome of childhood.

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“…There are several other proposed hypotheses for growing pains, including anatomical factors such as at feet, over-pronated feet, and joint hypermobility [24][25][26][27][28], lower pain threshold [29,30], lower skeletal vascular perfusion [24,31], reduced bone strength [32,33], and psychological factors [34][35][36]. Various factors, individually or in association, might be responsible for the onset of growing pains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical And Laboratory Characteristics And Growth Outcomes Of Children With Growing Pains

Liao

Lee

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Growing pains is a benign, non-inflammatory pain syndrome of childhood, characterized by bilateral recurrent leg pain. Studies regarding the clinical and laboratory proﬁle of growing pains are limited, especially in East Asia. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features, laboratory ﬁndings, and follow-up of children with growing pains.Methods: Patients under 18 years of age with growing pains in National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital between April 2006 and April 2019 were enrolled. Clinical features, laboratory data and medication records were analyzed. Changes of body height and weight before and after the symptoms were assessed by the paired samples t-test.Results: After excluding 31 children with musculoskeletal diseases, 276 patients with a final diagnosis of growing pains were included, comprising 152 boys (55%) and 124 girls (45%). The mean age was 4.9 ± 2.7 years. Bilateral and lower limbs pain were present in 232 (84%) and all cases, respectively. There were 6 out of 16 patients (38%) with elevated alkaline phosphatase, and 3 out of 50 (6%) with positive antinuclear antibodies in low titers. There were no significant changes in body height and weight percentiles or z-scores at 0.5, 1, and 2 years after diagnosis, compared with baseline values. Symptomatic treatments were used in 33% of patients.Conclusions: Growing pains is a common benign leg pain syndrome in children. Alkaline phosphatase elevation is commonly detected. It is not associated with rapid changes of body height and weight within 2 years of experiencing growing pains.

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Perinatal Risk Factors and Genu Valgum Conducive to the Onset of Growing Pains in Early Childhood

Cited by 5 publications

References 45 publications

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Development of garment with elastic straps and pressure applicator in mechanotherapy to correct children’s genu valgum

Growing pains: What do we know about etiology? A systematic review

Clinical And Laboratory Characteristics And Growth Outcomes Of Children With Growing Pains

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