Perineural invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Case series and review of literature

Abstract

Background and Objectives:Oral cancer constitutes 3% of all neoplasms and is the eighth most frequent cancer in the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) corresponds to 95% of all oral cancers. It is associated with severe morbidity, recurrence and reduced survival rates. Its prognosis is affected by several clinicopathologic factors, one of which is perineural invasion (PNI). It is the third most common form of tumor spread exhibited by neurotropic malignancies that correlate with aggressive behavior, disease recurrence and increased morbidity and mortality. In this retrospective study, our aim was to assess the presence of PNI in different grades of both primary and recurrent cases of OSCC correlating it with tumor size and lymph node status. The various patterns of PNI we encountered were also noted.Materials and Methods:PNI was assessed in 117 cases of primary and recurrent cases of OSCC. PNI was correlated with tumor thickness, lymph node status and with the different histologic grades. Location of PNI, density of PNI and various patterns of PNI were also assessed.Statistical Analysis:Chi-square test.Results:Our study showed that 47 out of 117 patients (40.5%) showed PNI. Both primary and recurrent tumors showed PNI of 42.50% and 40.50%, respectively. PNI was present in 34 out of 69 cases (49.3%) of clinically positive nodes. Around 79% of the nerves involved by PNI were intratumoral in location, 80% of the cases showed PNI density of 1–3 nerves per section and incomplete and/or “crescent-like” encirclement was the most common pattern of PNI noted in our study.Conclusion:Our study showed that the incidence of PNI was as high as 40% in OSCC. PNI was present in both primary and recurrent tumors, irrespective of its histologic grading. Tumor thickness and lymph node status correlated well with PNI. Therefore, the presence of PNI should be checked in every surgical specimen with OSCC as it gives significant prognostic value, influences treatment decisions, recurrence and distant metastasis. The presence of PNI necessitates more aggressive resection, coincident management of neck lymph nodes and the addition of adjuvant therapy. Also, targeted drug therapy for this type of tumor spread can open up new avenues in the treatment of OSCC.

Perineural Invasion and Perineural Tumor Spread in Head and Neck Cancer

“…PNI more frequently develops in small, unnamed nerve fibers within the tumor specimen, at rates as high as 42% to 52%. 13,92 The presence of PNI in oral cavity cancer has been associated with worsened survival and regional nodal metastasis, [29][30][31] and the presence of PNI may be a factor warranting a neck dissection. PNI has also been demonstrated to be predictive of distant recurrences, 93 supporting its role as an adverse prognostic feature.…”

In situ measurement of miR‐138 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue supports the role of this microRNA as a tumor suppressor

“…Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the eighth most common cancer worldwide and comprises 95% of all oral cancers . Approximately 300 000 new OSCC cases and 145 000 deaths due to OSCC were reported in 2012.…”

Mandibular Canal Widening and Bell’s Palsy: Sequelae of Perineural Invasion in Oral Cancer

“…Patients with oral cancer often undergo adjuvant radiation for pathologically high risk features including positive nodal disease, extracapsular spread, and positive tumour margins. Excluding these high risk features, PNI is an independent risk factor necessitating the need for adjuvant radiation [15]. …”