Periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is a rare tumour occurring at periocular and extra-ocular sites. SGC can be a challenging diagnosis for both clinicians and pathologists. High recurrence rates and a tendency for intra-epithelial spread, locoregional and distant metastases make it important for SGC to be suspected and be included in the differential diagnosis of an eyelid lesion. Early diagnosis, that may sometimes need ancillary testing, and prompt management using a multimodal approach can help reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with SGC.

High expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma

“…T category (AJCC 7 th Edition; see methods) at presentation was T1 in 1 patient (4%), T2a in 2 patients (8%), T2b in 5 patients (21%), T3a in 8 patients (33%), T3b in 7 patients (29%), and not available in 1 patient (4%). Regional lymph node metastases were identified in 7 patients (29%), 3 of whom subsequently developed distant metastases in the liver (3 patients), lungs (2), and bones (1). The median follow-up time was 18 months (range, 2-87 months).…”

“…Ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (OASC) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm originating from the sebaceous glands in the periocular region. 1,2 OASC represents the second most common eyelid malignancy in the United States, accounts for 5% of all eyelid malignancies. 3,4 Sebaceous carcinoma is most frequently seen in the periocular region, with the eyelid and conjunctiva being the most common sites.…”

“…First, OASC clinically mimics more common inflammatory eyelid conditions, such as blepharoconjunctivitis and chalazion; thus, definitive diagnosis is delayed in up to 50% of patients. 1,8,9 Furthermore, OASC exhibits discontinuous intraepithelial extension together with a locally infiltrative growth pattern, and in 13% to 23% of patients, orbital exenteration is required to achieve local control, resulting in significant functional and aesthetic morbidity. [8][9][10][11] One of the largest studies of OASC to date showed that at diagnosis, 18% of patients had regional nodal metastasis and 8% had distant metastasis.…”

Reconstruction of Meibomian Gland Carcinoma - A Case Report

“…Incisional biopsy is indicated in diffuse blepharoconjunctivitis and in advanced primary lesions requiring reconstruction after excision. At the time of excision, either frozen section or Mohs microsurgery is often used to check the margins for residual tumour until the margins are clear histopathologically [10,11].…”

Expression of Anti-apoptotic Protein BAG3 in Human Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma of the Eyelid

“…The fundamental treatment for sebaceous gland carcinoma is surgical excision of the tumor, but it can exhibit aggressive local behavior and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and distant organs (2). Furthermore, sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid is often misdiagnosed as other benign and malignant lesions, thereby making early detection and treatment difficult (3). Successful management of eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma is dependent on several factors, including tumor size (4,5) and pagetoid spread (diffuse epithelial involvement) (6,7).…”